Abstract
L. Clarke has written, In his early speeches Cicero followed more or less the prescriptions of the textbooks, but as he grew older and more experienced and became more closely concerned with politics, he emancipated himself from them, and the speeches of his maturity are far away from the models of the schools.' WhUe I agree that Clarke is correct in observing a substantial difference between the early and the late Cicero, I am not convinced that this represents a shift away from the prescriptions of the textbooks. The problem is to determine how well the theory developed by Cicero in his De inventione, De oratore, and Orator—and reflected as well in the Rhetorica ad Herennium and QuintUian's Instituto Oratoria—corresponded to the actual forensic speeches of the period. This question of correspondence has too long been ignored by scholars both in the field of speech and of classical studies. This paper explores the relationship between theory and prac-
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