Chronopharmacokinetic and Metabolites Investigations of the Cardiovascular Drugs Perindopril

Abstract

The heart and vascular systems are well-coordinated. There is a noticeable uneven distribution of regulatory mechanisms and pathogenic events over the course of a day. In addition, the physiological circadian clock of the cardiovascular system might be disrupted by several disorders. In terms of global mortality and morbidity, heart failure (HF) ranks high. The angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor perindopril is now a valid option for treating heart failure. There is a lack of comprehensive evaluations of perindopril’s safety and effectiveness in HF at the present time. First, we provided an overview of perindopril’s pharmacological actions, which include inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system and decreasing natriuretic peptide breakdown in the natriuretic peptide system. After that, we summed up the benefits of perindopril for heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) or reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), such as lowering the risk of death and hospitalization, reversing cardiac remodeling, regulating biomarkers of heart failure, improving quality of life, providing antiarrhythmic effects, enhancing renal dysfunction, and regulating metabolism. Our discussion of perindopril’s safety and tolerability in treating HFrEF or HFpEF came to a close. Although there is a considerable risk of hypotension, perindopril demonstrated superior safety and tolerability when compared with placebo. For HFrEF patients, perindopril is a safe and effective therapy option, however, for HFpEF patients, it shows little benefit, according to the majority of studies. Soon, perindopril will likely be one of the most effective drugs available to treat heart failure.