Chronic Venous Disease Progression-Associated Biomarkers

Abstract

Chronic venous disease (CVD) can progress to severe disease stages, with life-threatening complications. Some theories have been proposed to explain the variability in the progression of CVD. Nevertheless, enough predictive and classifying factors have not been identified that can objectively anticipate and assess the disease. We have described the effectiveness of specific biomarkers to predict the progression of CVD complications, including ulceration, chronic inflammation, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, post-thrombotic syndrome, and valvular insufficiency and their effects on patients’ quality of life.