Chronic Renal Failure and Nephrolithiasis in a Solitary Kidney: Role of Intervention

Abstract

Purpose We determined the role of intervention and its outcome in patients with a solitary kidney, nephrolithiasis and chronic renal insufficiency, as well as the role of clearance in these patients compared to those with a solitary kidney, nephrolithiasis and normal renal function. Materials and Methods A total of 36 records was evaluable, including 16 from patients with normal (group 1) and 20 from those with abnormal (group 2) renal function. Group 2 was further subdivided into those with mild to moderate (group 2A) and advanced (group 2B) renal failure. Patients with acute renal failure were excluded from the study. Glomerular filtration rate was calculated by the Cockcroft and Gault formula. The reciprocal of serum creatinine was used to determine outcome. Results Groups 1 and 2 were comparable demographically except for serum creatinine, stone bulk and hospital stay. Of 36 patients 8 with normal renal function and 15 with chronic renal failure underwent percutaneous nephrolitholapaxy, 6 underwent extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and 7 underwent open surgery. Total clearance was achieved in 25 of 36 patients (72%). Glomerular filtration rate improved in 24 patients, remained stable in 8 and deteriorated in 4. However, 3 patients had less than 20% deterioration and 1 had significant deterioration in function after intervention. Improvement in glomerular filtration rate after intervention was significantly greater in cases of advanced renal failure. Patients with residual stones did worse than those without residual calculi. Mean hospital stay, deterioration in glomerular filtration rate and major morbidity rate were significantly greater in patients with residual calculi than in those with total clearance. Conclusions Intervention should be contemplated in patients with a solitary kidney, stone disease and renal failure as in any other patient with stone disease, with the aim being total clearance. Stone eradication delays deterioration, and decreases the requirement for dialysis and renal replacement.