Abstract
This chapter reviews the clinical syndrome of chronic multiple organ dysfunction (MOD) following acute critical illness. Chronic MOD, also referred to as chronic critical illness, occurs in patients who have survived the acute phase of their illness or injury but remain dependent on life support for weeks or months. This condition presents unique physiologic and metabolic abnormalities distinct from those encountered in the acute illness. These include neuroendocrine and immune dysregulation, ICU-acquired weakness, persistent respiratory failure, and brain dysfunction. The symptom burden for these patients is high, and long-term survival is limited for elderly patients and those for whom MOD persists for weeks. Comprehensive and systematic programmes will need to be designed and implemented involving bundled best-practice interventions in order to reduce the incidence and treat the consequences of chronic MOD.
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