Abstract
Chronic microglial activation is a prominent feature of many chronic neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease. To investigate the effects of chronic microglial activation on cerebellar structure and motor function throughout the lifespan, the transgenic GFAP-IL6 mouse model was used. The aim of the study was to examine inflammatory markers and neuronal degeneration while simultaneously characterizing the motor performance of GFAP-IL6 mice at 3, 6, 14, and 24 months of age in comparison to WT (C57BL/6) mice. In respect to markers of neuroinflammation in the cerebellum, increased numbers of Iba1+ microglia were observed as early as at 3 months of age. In addition, TNF-α levels proved to be significantly higher in the GFAP-IL6 compared to WT mice at all time points. A difference in cerebellar volume between the GFAP-IL6 and WT mice was observed later in life, starting at 6 months and increasing to a loss of about 50% in aged (24 months old) GFAP-IL6 mice. Synaptic deficits were also assessed by using pre- (synaptophysin) and post-synaptic (PSD95) markers. While synaptophysin levels remained unchanged, PSD95 levels decreased in the aging GFAP-IL6 mice compared to their WT littermates from 14 months onward. To assess the effect of microglia activation and neurodegeneration on behavior, a variety of motor function tests, semi-quantitative cerebellar ataxia score, accelerod, beam walking, and open field tests were performed. An age-dependent difference between the genotypes was observed in many of the motor function tests. For example, reduced performance on the accelerod and higher ataxia scores were observed at 6 months of age, followed by the beam walking test showing differences at 14 months of age. In summary, this study constitutes a comprehensive, age-dependent examination of inflammatory, synaptic and neurodegenerative changes in the brains of GFAP-IL6 mice leading to a deterioration in motor performance. The results also indicate that early chronic microglia activation in the GFAP-IL6 mouse leads to observable cerebellar volume loss and motor deficits later in life.
Highlights
Normal aging of the brain is described by cortical and hippocampal volume loss, as well as increased demyelination, contributing to memory and learning deficits (Guha et al, 2016; Yoo et al, 2016; Xiao et al, 2017)
At 6 months, the cerebellar volume of GFAP-IL6 mice (33 ± 1.7 mm3) decreased by 21.42% compared to WT mice (42 ± 5.2 μm3) (p < 0.05); at 14 months, the cerebellar volume of GFAPIL6 mice (35 ± 4.9 mm3) decreased by 16.67% compared to WT mice (42 ± 5.9 mm3) (p < 0.05) and at 24 months, FIGURE 2 | Quantitative analysis of microglial cell numbers in the cerebellum. (A) We found significant differences between wild-type and GFAP-IL6 animals at all time points in the absolute microglia numbers. (B) Images showed corresponding increased microglia numbers in the cerebellum
We are proposing the hypothesis that chronic microglial activation, driven by astrocyte-derived IL6 expression in the GFAP-IL6 mouse, initially leads to microglial proliferation and up-regulation of a variety of other pro-inflammatory markers, followed by a progressive decline in motor skills in later life
Summary
Normal aging of the brain is described by cortical and hippocampal volume loss, as well as increased demyelination, contributing to memory and learning deficits (Guha et al, 2016; Yoo et al, 2016; Xiao et al, 2017). The macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS), represent approximately 10% of all brain cells. Semi-Quantitative Cerebellar Ataxia Scoring (SQCA) The ataxia level was measured as the ability to perform the ledge test, expression of hind limb clasping, gait, and kyphosis. The mouse was placed on the ledge of the cage and the experimenter scored the ability of the mouse to walk on the edge, using its tail as a counterbalance and balance to descend gracefully back to the cage or table using their paws. When the mouse fell off the ledge, or nearly so, or when attempting to descend back to the cage, a score of 3 was given (Guyenet et al, 2010)
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
