Chronic Kidney Disease and Its Impact on The Gastrointestinal Tract: A Prospective Observational Study

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a pervasive and progressive condition that wreaks havoc on renal function, but its far-reaching impact extends beyond the kidneys. In this article, we explore the intricate relationship between CKD and the Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT), shedding light on the underreported and multifaceted digestive pathologies that afflict CKD patients. We conducted a study involving 80 CKD patients admitted between June 2022 and June 2023, revealing that 85% of these patients experienced various GI symptoms, with nausea, vomiting, and anorexia being the most common. These symptoms may stem from urea and metabolic waste accumulation or dialysis-related effects. Endoscopic examinations unveiled abnormalities in 86% of the cases, primarily localized in the stomach, with gastritis being the predominant lesion. Gastric and duodenal ulcers were relatively rare, aligning with previous studies. Gastrointestinal bleeding occurred in 8% of cases, often linked. to erosive gastritis or angiodysplasia. Interestingly, hiatus hernia prevalence was higher in conservative management patients rather than those undergoing haemodialysis. Most patients were in Stage V CKD, with 80% receiving conservative treatment. Our findings suggest a correlation between the severity of renal impairment and the likelihood of upper GI lesions. In conclusion, CKD profoundly affects the GI tract, causing a spectrum of symptoms and potential complications, including underreported upper GI lesions. Early recognition through upper GI endoscopy and prompt management is crucial to reduce morbidity and mortality in CKD patients. This study highlights the need for increased awareness and vigilance in managing the intricate interplay between CKD and the GIT, benefitting both patients and healthcare professionals in their battle against this multifarious condition.