Abstract
In Ethiopia, data on the burden and determinants of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the general population is limited. This community-based study was conducted to assess the burden and associated factors of CKD among adults in Southwest Ethiopia. The study was conducted from August 23, 2018-October 16, 2018. Study participants were selected using a random sampling method. A structured questionnaire was used to collect relevant data. Blood pressure and anthropometric indices were measured following standard procedures. About 5 ml of urine sample was collected and the dipstick test was performed immediately. A blood sample of 3-5ml was collected for serum creatinine and blood glucose level determination. The three commonest estimators of glomerular filtration rate and the National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative were used to define and stage CKD. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21. Multivariable logistic regression was employed and p-value <0.05 was used to indicate statistically significant results. A total of 326 participants with a mean age of 39.9(SD±11.2) years were enrolled in the study. The proportions of female participants (59.8%) were relatively higher than male participants (40.2%). The mean eGFR using CKD-EPI, CG and MDRD was 124.34 (SD±23.8) mL/min/1.73m2, 110.67(SD±33.0) mL/min/1.73m2 and 131.29 (SD±32.5) mL/min/1.73m2 respectively. The prevalence of CKD was 7.4% using CKD-EPI & MDRD and 8% using CG. Similar finding using CKD-EPI & MDRD may indicate that either CKD-EPI or MDRD can be used to estimate GFR in this study area. In the age and sex-adjusted logistic regression model, hypertension was significantly associated with CKD using CKD-EPI & MDRD and age ≥40 years old was significantly associated with CKD using CG. Behavioral characteristics and other traditional risk factors were not significantly associated with CKD in the current study. The prevalence of CKD was high in the study area. Only hypertension and age ≥40 years old were significantly associated with CKD. More of the increased prevalence of CKD in the current study remained unexplained and deserves further study.
Highlights
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is among Non-communicable diseases (NCD) which cause significant morbidity and mortality globally [1]
The risk of CKD like HIV infection, hypertension, diabetes, and other infectious diseases are increasing in sub-Saharan Africa [2–5]
A high prevalence of CKD, 18.2% and 23.8% using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) and Cockcroft-Gault (C-G) equations respectively was reported among diabetic patients [7]
Summary
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is among Non-communicable diseases (NCD) which cause significant morbidity and mortality globally [1]. The epidemiology of CKD in sub-Saharan Africa is different from other regions that it mainly affects the economically productive young age group. The risk of CKD like HIV infection, hypertension, diabetes, and other infectious diseases are increasing in sub-Saharan Africa [2–5]. In Ethiopia, studies that assess the prevalence and associated factors of CKD are very limited. The available studies are not representative because they are taken from high-risk groups, like, diabetes and HIV patients [7, 8]. A high prevalence of CKD, 18.2% and 23.8% using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) and Cockcroft-Gault (C-G) equations respectively was reported among diabetic patients [7]. Owing to limited community based published reports available so far on CKD in Ethiopia, this study was conducted to assess the prevalence and associated factors of CKD among adults in Southwest Ethiopia
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