Abstract
Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency is a hypothesis proposed by a vascular surgeon to be the cause of multiple sclerosis (MS). The rationale for the entity and treatment was based on preliminary unblinded, open-label, single-center studies that used ultrasound (NEJM JW Neurol Sep 21 2010). Despite a unified call for caution and for reproducible results from MS specialists, thousands of patients have flocked to have this procedure performed (NEJM JW Neurol Apr 9 2013). Patient advocacy groups and governmental agencies have funded several independent investigations …
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