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Abstract
A relatively underestimated facet of infectious diseases is the association of chronic bacterial and parasitic infections with cancer development. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the evidence regarding the association of such infections with the development of malignancy, excluding the overwhelming evidence of the association of Helicobacter pylori and cancer. We searched Pubmed, Cochrane, and Scopus without time limits for relevant articles. There is evidence that some bacterial and parasitic infections are associated with cancer development. The level of evidence of this association varies from high to low; in any case, a long time interval is mandatory for the development of cancer. A high level of evidence exists for the association of Salmonella Typhi with gallbladder and hepatobiliary carcinoma; Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis with cholangiocarcinoma; Schistosoma hematobium with bladder cancer; chronic osteomyelitis with squamous cell carcinoma of the skin; and hidradenitis suppurativa with squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. In contrast, the level of evidence regarding the association of Chlamydia spp. with cancer is low. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is associated with lung cancer, albeit probably not etiopathogenetically. A considerable number of bacterial infections and parasitic infections are associated with the development of cancer. Further research into recognizing additional associations of bacterial and parasitic infections with cancer is mandatory.
Highlights
It is estimated that over 20% of malignancies worldwide can be attributed to infectious agents [1,2]
There is a large body of evidence regarding the role of viruses such as hepatitis B virus (HBV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human papilloma virus (HPV) in the complex processes of carcinogenesis
Mechanism of tumorigenic action According to researchers, any connection between active tuberculosis and malignancy is attributed to reactivation of infection in immunocompromised patients suffered from cancer rather than to a cause-and-effect relationship between infection and neoplasm [46,47,48]
Summary
It is estimated that over 20% of malignancies worldwide can be attributed to infectious agents [1,2]. Literature search In the present article, we sought to review the evidence regarding associations of human bacterial pathogens and parasites with cancer. The following bacterial and parasitic pathogens were retrieved in association with cancer: Salmonella Typhi Studies demonstrated that typhoid carriage was associated with an increased risk of gallbladder cancer and with malignancy in the pancreas, lung and colorectum [8,12]. According to Kinoshita et al, glucuronidase action is responsible for the production of a very active intermediate substance with the ability to bind to DNA and a mutagenic potential [16] In this framework, the increased production of free radicals in the gallbladder of patients suffering from chronic typhoid infection plays an essential role [11,17].
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