Abstract
Most Neotropical Psittacidae have a diploid number of 2n = 70, and a dichotomy in chromosome patterns. Long-tailed species have biarmed macrochromosomes, while short-tailed species have telo/acrocentric macrochromosomes. However, the use of chromosome painting has demonstrated that karyotype evolution in Psittacidae includes a high number of inter/intrachromosomal rearrangements. To determine the phylogeny of long- and short-tailed species, and to propose a putative ancestral karyotype for this group, we constructed homology maps of Pyrrhura frontalis (PFR) and Amazona aestiva (AAE), belonging to the long- and short-tailed groups, respectively. Chromosomes were analyzed by conventional staining and fluorescent in situ hybridization using whole chromosome paints of Gallus gallus and Leucopternis albicollis. Conventional staining showed a karyotype with 2n = 70 in both species, with biarmed macrochromosomes in PFR and telo/acrocentric chromosomes in AAE. Comparison of the results with the putative avian ancestral karyotype (PAK) showed fusions in PFR of PAK1p/PAK4q (PFR1) and PAK6/PAK7 (PFR6) with a paracentric inversion in PFR6. However, in AAE, there was only the fusion between PAK6/7 (AAE7) with a paracentric inversion. Our results indicate that PFR retained a more basal karyotype than long-tailed species previously studied, and AAE a more basal karyotype for Neotropical Psittacidae analyzed so far.
Highlights
The order Psittaciformes comprises cockatoos, parrots, macaws, and parakeets, with approximately 350 species distributed between 84 genera
Recent studies based on chromosome painting in three species of two different genera—Ara macao, Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus, and Ara chloropterus—showed that fusions and fissions have an important role in the karyotypical diversification of Neotropical Psittacidae [10,11]
(Tables S2 and S3), we considered the cytogenetic information for species of Psittaciformes, taking into account the presence or absence of chromosomal characters as described by Dobigny et al [20]
Summary
The order Psittaciformes comprises cockatoos, parrots, macaws, and parakeets, with approximately 350 species distributed between 84 genera. Recent studies based on chromosome painting in three species of two different genera—Ara macao, Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus, and Ara chloropterus—showed that fusions and fissions have an important role in the karyotypical diversification of Neotropical Psittacidae [10,11]. These results confirm that, despite apparent chromosomal similarity, macaws have very diverse karyotypes. The results are considered in relation to the classification based on tail length They show that different rearrangements are present in species of the Tribe Arini, which help in understanding phylogenetic relationships, and suggest a putative ancestral karyotype for Neotropical Psittacidae
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