Abstract
A detailed cytogenetic study on the leaf litter frog Eleutherodactylus johnstonei from 14 different Caribbean islands and the mainlands of Venezuela and Guyana revealed the existence of multimorphic XY♂/XX♀ sex chromosomes 14. Their male sex determination and development depends either on the presence of 2 telocentric chromosomes 14 (X<sub>t</sub>Y<sub>t</sub>), or on 1 submetacentric chromosome 14 (X<sub>sm</sub>) plus 1 telocentric chromosome 14 (Y<sub>t</sub>), or on the presence of 2 submetacentric chromosomes 14 (X<sub>sm</sub>Y<sub>sm</sub>). The female sex determination and development requires either the presence of 2 telocentric chromosomes 14 (X<sub>t</sub>X<sub>t</sub>) or 2 submetacentric chromosomes 14 (X<sub>sm</sub>X<sub>sm</sub>). In all individuals analyzed, the sex chromosomes 14 carry a prominent nucleolus organizer region in their long arms. An explanation is given for the origin of the (X<sub>t</sub>Y<sub>t</sub>)♂, (X<sub>sm</sub>Y<sub>t</sub>)♂, (X<sub>sm</sub>Y<sub>sm</sub>)♂, (X<sub>t</sub>X<sub>t</sub>)♀, and (X<sub>sm</sub>X<sub>sm</sub>)♀ in the different populations of E. johnstonei. Furthermore, the present study gives detailed data on the chromosome banding patterns, in situ hybridization experiments, and the genome size of E. johnstonei.
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