Abstract
In vitro experiments were performed to determine the effects of increasing concentrations of chromium propionate (CrPro) on mRNA and protein abundance of different enzymes and receptors. Intramuscular (IM) and subcutaneous (SC) preadipocytes and bovine satellite cells were isolated from the longissimus muscle to determine the effect of treatment on glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ mRNA and GLUT4 protein abundance. Preadipocyte cultures were treated with differentiation media plus either sodium propionate or different concentrations of CrPro for 96, 120, and 144 h before harvest. This study indicated that adipogenesis of the bovine IM adipocytes were more sensitive to the treatment of CrPro as compared to SC adipocytes. Enhancement of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and GLUT4 mRNA by CrPro treatment may enhance glucose uptake in IM adipocytes. CrPro decreased GLUT4 protein levels in muscle cell cultures suggesting that those cells have increased efficiency of glucose uptake due to exposure to increased levels of CrPro. In contrast, each of the two adipogenic lines had opposing responses to the CrPro. It appeared that CrPro had the most stimulative effect of GLUT4 response in the IM adipocytes as compared to SC adipocytes. These findings indicated opportunities to potentially augment marbling in beef cattle fed CrPro during the finishing phase.
Highlights
It has been generally accepted that chromium (Cr) potentiates the effects of insulin (1)
Real-time quantitative-PCR (RTQ-PCR) analysis of IM cells revealed that 10 μM chromium propionate (CrPro) increased AMPKα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) mRNA, and GLUT 4 abundance compared to all other treatments (Figure 2)
These data indicated that the highest dose of CrPro (10 μM) enhanced IM preadipocyte differentiation as evidenced by the increased PPARγ mRNA levels whereas the SC preadipocytes were non-responsive to CrPro in regards to PPARγ concentrations
Summary
It has been generally accepted that chromium (Cr) potentiates the effects of insulin (1). ® included in the diet as KemTRACE brand Chromium Propionate 0.04% (KT Cr), has improved the performance of beef cattle. These improvements have been expressed as additional body weight gain, better feed efficiency, lower morbidity, and mortality (2–4). The potential effects of improved glucose metabolism on carcass characteristics have shown mixed results (2, 4). The effect of chromium propionate (CrPro) on bovine muscle, intramuscular (IM) adipose, and subcutaneous (SC) adipose tissue development is unknown. This research was conducted to further investigate the effects of CrPro on enhancing adipogenic differentiation of bovine muscle derived cells, IM, and SC adipocytes
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