Chromatin-Level Differences Elucidate Potential Determinants of Contrasting Levels of Cold Sensitivity in Maize Lines

Abstract

Maize is a subtropical, cold-sensitive species. However, some varieties of this species have the potential to withstand long-term low temperatures, even at the seedling stage. The molecular basis of this phenomenon has not been determined. In a chromatin-level study, we compared the cold-stress reaction of seedlings of two maize inbred lines showing contrasting levels of cold sensitivity. The cold-tolerant line was selected based on field data and previous physiological and transcriptomic level studies. The first condition of gene expression—chromatin accessibility—was assessed by formaldehyde-aided isolation of regulatory elements method and DNA sequencing. Potentially expressed genes and cis-regulatory sequences open for interaction with transcription factors have been defined. The results of this study suggest that during cold stress, the tolerant maize line shifted resources from growth to defense. This shift was shown by potential hormone-level events—degradation of growth-promoting gibberellins and synthesis of jasmonic and abscisic acids. This finding is congruent with the xeromorphic morphology of seedlings of the cold-tolerant line and their ability to regrow when stress ceases. It is a common reaction of cold-tolerant maize lines. Moreover, in the cold-tolerant line, several genes from the low-temperature signaling pathways were potentially expressed. Additionally, numerous stress-response AP2/EREBP-binding cis-motifs were accessible in the cold-tolerant line. Differently in the cold-sensitive B73 line, MADS-binding cis-motifs were the most abundant. Development of the photosynthetic apparatus is crucial for the survival of maize seedlings at low temperature. Our results suggest efficient photosynthesis in seedlings of the cold-tolerant line, as was described earlier in physiological-level analyses.