Chromatin topology, condensates and gene regulation: shifting paradigms or just a phase?

Abstract

In the past decade, two major advances in our understanding of nuclear organization have taken the field of gene regulation by storm. First, technologies that can analyze the three-dimensional conformation of chromatin have revealed how the genome is organized and have provided novel insights into how regulatory regions in the genome interact. Second, the recognition that many proteins can form membraneless compartments through liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) has challenged long-standing notions of how proteins within the nucleus are organized and has offered a tantalizing general mechanism by which many aspects of nuclear function may be regulated. However, the functional roles of chromatin topology and LLPS in regulating gene expression remain poorly understood. These topics were discussed with great fervor during an open discussion held at a recent workshop titled 'Chromatin-based regulation of development' organized by The Company of Biologists. Here, we summarize the major points covered during this debate and discuss how they tie into current thinking in the field of gene regulation.