Abstract
To make the case for more attention by world historians to music as a universal human phenomenon, this article compares the socioeconomic niches, cultural associations, and technical and technological development of plucked stringed instruments in sixteenth-century Spain and Ming China. An examination of the interrelationship of vihuela , lute, and guitarra , on the one hand, with the guqin and pipa , on the other, reveals similar patterns of gender, class, and ethno-national meaning becoming attached to these instruments. In particular, both vihuela and pipa changed morphologically, and playing style grew more virtuostic in tandem with the instruments' rising popularity among urban classes in Spain and China. Moreover, the vihuela and likely the pipa as well were made from more exotic materials as their respective homelands became more engaged in global trade.
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