Abstract
Cryogels attained from natural materials offer exceptional properties in applications such as tissue engineering. Moreover, Halloysite Nanotubes (HNT) at 1:0.5 weight ratio were embedded into CS cryogels to render additional biomedical properties. The hemolysis index of CS cryogel and CS:HNT cryogels was calculated as 0.77 ± 0.41 and 0.81 ± 0.24 and defined as non-hemolytic materials. However, the blood coagulation indices of CS cryogel and CS:HNT cryogels were determined as 76 ± 2% and 68 ± 3%, suggesting a mild blood clotting capability. The maximum% swelling capacity of CS cryogel was measured as 3587 ± 186%, 4014 ± 184%, and 3984 ± 113%, at pH 1.0, pH 7.4 and pH 9.0, respectively, which were reduced to 1961 ± 288%, 2816 ± 192, 2405 ± 73%, respectively, for CS:HNT cryogel. It was found that CS cryogels can hydrolytically be degraded 41 ± 1% (by wt) in 16-day incubation, whereas the CS:HNT cryogels degraded by 30 ± 1 wt %. There is no chelation for HNT and 67.5 ± 1% Cu(II) chelation for linear CS was measured. On the other hand, the CS cryogel and CS:HNT cryogel revealed Cu(II) chelating capabilities of 60.1 ± 12.5%, and 43.2 ± 17.5%, respectively, from 0.1 mg/mL Cu(II) ion stock solution. Additionally, at 0.5 mg/mL CS, CS:HNT, and HNT, the Fe(II) chelation capacity of 99.7 ± 0.6, 86.2 ± 4.7% and only 11.9 ± 4.5% were measured, respectively, while no Fe(II) was chelated by linear CS chelated Fe(II). As the adjustable and controllable swelling properties of cryogels are important parameters in biomedical applications, the swelling properties of CS cryogels, at different solution pHs, e.g., at the solution pHs of 1.0, 7.4 and 9.0, were measured as 3587 ± 186%, 4014 ± 184%, and 3984 ± 113%, respectively, and the maximum selling% values of CS:HNT cryogels were determined as 1961 ± 288%, 2816 ± 192, 2405 ± 73%, respectively, at the same conditions. Alpha glucosidase enzyme interactions were investigated and found that CS-based cryogels can stimulate this enzyme at any CS formulation.
Highlights
IntroductionChondroitin sulfate (CS), a glucosamine and an important component of cartilage, can be obtained from various sources, including cartilage of cow or shark
To the best of our knowledge, no one has reported the synthesis of Chondroitin sulfate (CS) cryogels, and the CS-based cryogels were synthesized for the first time with this investigation
The findings revealed that Halloysite Nanotubes (HNT) caused a decrease in pore volume, an increase in gel density, and an increase in gel content by tightening/filling the pores of the 3D network structures with another porous material (HNT itself)
Summary
Chondroitin sulfate (CS), a glucosamine and an important component of cartilage, can be obtained from various sources, including cartilage of cow or shark. CS is a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) of a sulfated polysaccharide formed by multiple repetitions of the disaccharide units with the combination of D-Glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine. Together with collagen, it forms the main component of cartilage [1]. CS is abundant in all invertebrates and is found in the cartilage, skin, blood vessels, ligaments and tendons of all mammals [2]. With its sulfate and carboxyl groups, it can bind different molecules such as growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules [2]. CS is known for its in vivo and in vitro antioxidant properties, and Fe(II) and Cu(II)
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