Abstract
The growth of Legionella dumoffii can be inhibited by Galleria mellonella apolipophorin III (apoLp-III) which is an insect homologue of human apolipoprotein E., and choline-cultured L. dumoffii cells are considerably more susceptible to apoLp-III than bacteria grown without choline supplementation. In the present study, the interactions of apoLp-III with intact L. dumoffii cells cultured without and with exogenous choline were analyzed to explain the basis of this difference. Fluorescently labeled apoLp-III (FITC-apoLp-III) bound more efficiently to choline-grown L. dumoffii, as revealed by laser scanning confocal microscopy. The cell envelope of these bacteria was penetrated more deeply by FITC-apoLp-III, as demonstrated by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy analyses. The increased susceptibility of the choline-cultured L. dumoffii to apoLp-III was also accompanied by alterations in the cell surface topography and nanomechanical properties. A detailed analysis of the interaction of apoLp-III with components of the L. dumoffii cells was carried out using both purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and liposomes composed of L. dumoffii phospholipids and LPS. A single micelle of L. dumoffii LPS was formed from 12 to 29 monomeric LPS molecules and one L. dumoffii LPS micelle bound two molecules of apoLp-III. ApoLp-III exhibited the strongest interactions with liposomes with incorporated LPS formed of phospholipids isolated from bacteria cultured on exogenous choline. These results indicated that the differences in the phospholipid content in the cell membrane, especially PC, and LPS affected the interactions of apoLp-III with bacterial cells and suggested that these differences contributed to the increased susceptibility of the choline-cultured L. dumoffii to G. mellonella apoLp-III.
Highlights
Legionellosis is an important but uncommon bacterial respiratory infection with varying severity, i.e., from the flu-like infection called Pontiac fever which does not require specialized treatment, to acute multilobar pneumonia called Legionnaires’ disease which can result in death
Unlike L. pneumophila, L. dumoffii cells cultured in the presence of exogenous choline were considerably more susceptible, that is, they showed three times lower survival rate, after treatment with G. mellonella apoLp-III at a concentration of 0.4 mg/mL, than the bacteria grown without supplementation of this compound [33]
These results combined with the documented capability of utilization of exogenous choline for PC synthesis by Legionella [18,19] suggested that the increased PC content in the cell membrane could be responsible for the observed effects [33]
Summary
Legionellosis is an important but uncommon bacterial respiratory infection with varying severity, i.e., from the flu-like infection called Pontiac fever which does not require specialized treatment, to acute multilobar pneumonia called Legionnaires’ disease which can result in death. Unlike L. pneumophila, L. dumoffii cells cultured in the presence of exogenous choline were considerably more susceptible, that is, they showed three times lower survival rate, after treatment with G. mellonella apoLp-III at a concentration of 0.4 mg/mL, than the bacteria grown without supplementation of this compound [33]. These results combined with the documented capability of utilization of exogenous choline for PC synthesis by Legionella [18,19] suggested that the increased PC content in the cell membrane could be responsible for the observed effects [33]. The SEM images and X-ray analysis showed that L. dumoffii cultured on the medium with choline and without choline supplementation produced outer membrane vesicles (OMVs)
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