Abstract
For the isolation of selected phenolic compounds from dried chokeberries, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) were investigated as a green alternative to conventionally used extraction solvents. Four types of NADESs were synthesised, with choline chloride as the hydrogen bond acceptor in combination with different hydrogen bond donors (sugars, organic acid and urea). Ultrasound-assisted extraction was used to improve the extractability of the phenolic compounds and the results were compared to those obtained with 80% methanol as the extraction media. The highest values of total phenols and total flavonoids were found in the extract obtained with choline chloride–fructose NADES (36.15 ± 3.39 mg gallic acid g−1 dry weight (DW) and 4.71 ± 0.33 mg rutin g−1 DW, respectively). The extraction recoveries for the individual phenolic compounds depended strongly on the phenolic compound’s structure, with relative mean values between 70% and 97%.
Highlights
The growing interest in a healthy lifestyle and maintaining a sustainable environment means an increasing need to find natural antioxidants to replace synthetic compounds
The chemical composition of a tailor-made natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) is crucial for its extraction capacity for phenolic compounds, as it determines properties such as polarity, physicochemical interactions, solubility and viscosity [40,41]
For the first time, that NADESs can be used as green, environmentally friendly and efficient media in the extraction of various phenolic compounds from dried chokeberry fruits
Summary
The growing interest in a healthy lifestyle and maintaining a sustainable environment means an increasing need to find natural antioxidants to replace synthetic compounds. Many researchers have focused on the investigation of bioactive compounds (especially those from the polyphenol classes) from various plant materials [1,2]. Recent studies have shown that berries contain the highest number of phenolic compounds and have the highest antioxidant activity among other fruits [3,4,5,6]. Black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) belongs to the Rosaceae family. From a phytochemical point of view, chokeberry is documented as one of the richest sources of bioactive phenolic compounds, such as anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins and phenolic acids [8,9]. The positive effect of chokeberry consumption is reflected in its ability to prevent and treat various diseases such as colon cancer [13], high blood pressure [14], and high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [8], among others
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