Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a disease in which the arterial intima thickens and transforms into a sclerotic plaque, interfering with normal blood flow and potentially leading to stroke or death. It is divided into three stages: the pre-stage, which is characterized by diffuse intimal thickenings (DITs) and fatty streaks, the early atherosclerotic stage, which is characterized by pathological intimal thickening (PIT), and the late stage, which is characterized by fibroatheromas transformed from PIT. Each stage of atherosclerosis is distinguished by distinct morphological changes, biological changes, and the expression of immune markers at various levels. This review summarizes discoveries and achievements in microanatomy, ultrastructure, immunohistochemical staining, and molecular biology in the literature on atherosclerosis. Based on our research, we have emphasized common histological changes and pathological mechanisms of atherosclerosis in this review.
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