Abstract
By 2050, population growth and climate change will lead to increased demand for food and water. Nanoparticles (NPs), an advanced technology, can be applied to many areas of agriculture, including crop protection and growth enhancement, to build sustainable agricultural production. Ionic gelation method is a synthesis of microparticles or NPs, based on an electrostatic interaction between opposite charge types that contains at least one polymer under mechanical stirring conditions. NPs, which are commonly based on chitosan (CS), have been applied to many agricultural fields, including nanopesticides, nanofertilizers, and nanoherbicides. The CS-NP or CS-NPs-loaded active ingredients (Cu, saponin, harpin, Zn, hexaconazole, salicylic acid (SA), NPK, thiamine, silicon, and silver (Ag)) are effective in controlling plant diseases and enhancing plant growth, depending on the concentration and application method by direct and indirect mechanisms, and have attracted much attention in the last five years. Many crops have been evaluated in in vivo or in greenhouse conditions but only maize (CS-NP-loaded Cu, Zn, SA, and silicon) and soybean (CS-NP-loaded Cu) were tested for manage post flowering stalk rot, Curvularia leaf spot, and bacterial pustule disease in field condition. Since 2019, five of eight studies have been performed in field conditions that have shown interest in CS-NPs synthesized by the ionic gelation method. In this review, we summarized the current state of research and provided a forward-looking view of the use of CS-NPs in plant disease management.
Highlights
Introduction published maps and institutional affilThe world population is predicted to reach 9.8 billion by 2050
Studies using Chitosan Nanoparticles (CS-NPs) synthesis by ionic gelation method in plant disease management are shown in Table 3 and Figure 4
Discovered since 1997, the studies on NPs synthesized by ionic gelation method have only received attention in the last ten years
Summary
NPs by a method ionic (ionotropic) gelation.gelation. There, TPP solution to CSdiblock and/or copolymer diblock coofpolymer ethyleneofoxide and oxide propylene oxide under stirring conditions, leading to the formation ethylene and propylene oxide under stirring conditions, leading to the offormation. When changing the mass ratio TPP:CS by 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, and 1:7 (keeping the gentamicinsalicylic complex ratio), the DLS of NPs changed with decreasing size and increasing zeta potential (343.3 nm, PDI 0.41, 34.26 mV; 217.7 nm, PDI 0.275, 35.77 mV; 180.0 nm, PDI 0.235, 37.12 mV; 172.2 nm, PDI 0.308, 39.44 mV; and 150.8 nm, 0.237 PDI, 42.43 mV, respectively) [64]. Using TPP as anions, the authors of [68] synthesized a novel conductive bio-composite membrane by combining CS and phosphotungstate anions on an aluminum substrate using the the ionic gelation method Interaction in these NPs can be determined by FTIR. (semi solid form) added into 10 mL of 0.1% CS to obtain final concentration at 20%,
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