Chitosan–dipeptide hydrogels as potential anticancer drug delivery systems

Abstract

A novel chitosan–dipeptide hydrogel was fabricated through a combination of self-assembly of 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-modified diphenylalanine (Fmoc–FF) and its electrostatic interaction with glycol chitosan (GCS). Hydrogel strength and stability depended on its composition. The highest gel strength was observed at a Fmoc–FF mass fraction (ϕFF) of 0.85, whereby the highest combined strength of the two interactions was achieved. As the ϕFF increased above 0.6, gel stability decreased in buffered solution at pH 7.46. The incorporation of doxorubicin (DOX) as a cationic model drug significantly increased the stability of the complex hydrogels. DOX-loaded hydrogels exhibited slow DOX release, probably due to the drug's strong binding to Fmoc–FF via electrostatic attraction and the high gel stability. These hydrogels also exhibited excellent thixotropic features that facilitated the development of injectable self-healing drug delivery systems. Notably, DOX release was significantly accelerated as the pH of the medium decreased from 7.46 to 5.5 and 4.0, possibly due to hydrogel components' protonation. The DOX-loaded hydrogel exhibited notable cytotoxicity against A549 human lung cancer cells, which suggests the newly developed hydrogel to be a promising candidate vehicle for the localized and controlled drug delivery in cancer therapy.