Abstract
Cytocompatible polysaccharide-based functional scaffolds are potential extracellular matrix candidates for soft and hard tissue engineering. This paper describes a facile approach to design cytocompatible, non-toxic, and multifunctional chitosan-cellulose based hydrogel beads utilising polysaccharide dissolution in sodium hydroxide-urea-water solvent system and coagulation under three different acidic conditions, namely 2 M acetic acid, 2 M hydrochloric acid, and 2 M sulfuric acid. The effect of coagulating medium on the final chemical composition of the hydrogel beads is investigated by spectroscopic techniques (ATR–FTIR, Raman, NMR), and elemental analysis. The beads coagulated in 2 M acetic acid displayed an unchanged chitosan composition with free amino groups, while the beads coagulated in 2 M hydrochloric and sulfuric acid showed protonation of amino groups and ionic interaction with the counterions. The ultrastructural morphological study of lyophilized beads showed that increased chitosan content enhanced the porosity of the hydrogel beads. Furthermore, cytocompatibility evaluation of the hydrogel beads with human breast adenocarcinoma cells (soft tissue) showed that the beads coagulated in 2 M acetic acid are the most suitable for this type of cells in comparison to other coagulating systems. The acetic acid fabricated hydrogel beads also support osteoblast growth and adhesion over 192 h. Thus, in future, these hydrogel beads can be tested in the in vitro studies related to breast cancer and for bone regeneration.
Highlights
Polymers, derived from plant and animal sources, such as cellulose and chitosan, have functional groups that provide the unique characteristics, physicochemical properties, and are responsible for their cytocompatibility [1]
We aimed to design chitosan-cellulose hydrogel beads in an environment-friendly medium with variable ionic interactions of the protonated amino groups with the counter ions generated from the coagulating solvent systems
The beads extruded in 2 M acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, and sulfuric acids were named as A, B, and C type with the initial chitosan percentage in the blend, respectively
Summary
Polymers, derived from plant and animal sources, such as cellulose and chitosan, have functional groups that provide the unique characteristics, physicochemical properties, and are responsible for their cytocompatibility [1]. On the other hand, possesses already in its main structure abundant hydroxyl groups, leading to extensive hydrogen bonding and stereoregularity in the polymeric chain [3]. Both mentioned naturally derived polymers are non-toxic and cytocompatible [4]. The key requirements for such biomaterial-based scaffolds are cytocompatibility, potential biodegradability, nontoxicity of degradation products, and porosity that suits the chosen cell type [8]. All of these factors altogether contribute to mimicry of the role of the extracellular matrix, by which the scaffolds act as an adhesive substrate, support for cell survival, aids cell migration, and promotes the preservation of the desired cell type [9,10]
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