Chitosan based surfactant polymers designed to improve blood compatibility on biomaterials

Abstract

We developed chitosan based surfactant polymers that could be used to modify the surface of existing biomaterials in order to improve their blood compatibility. These polymers consist of a chitosan backbone, PEG side chains to repel non-specific protein adsorption, and hexanal side chains to facilitate adsorption and proper orientation onto a hydrophobic substrate via hydrophobic interactions. Since chitosan is a polycationic polymer, and it is thrombogenic, the surface charge was altered to determine the role of this charge in the hemocompatibility of chitosan. Charge had a notable effect on platelet adhesion. The platelet adhesion was greatest on the positively charged surface, and decreased by almost 50% with the neutralization of this charge. A chitosan surface containing the negatively charged SO 3 − exhibited the fewest number of adherent platelets of all surfaces tested. Coagulation activation was not altered by the neutralization of the positive charge, but a marked increase of ∼5–6 min in the plasma recalcification time (PRT) was displayed with the addition of the negatively charged species. Polyethylene (PE) surfaces were modified with the chitosan surfactant resulting in a significant improvement in blood compatibility, which correlated to the increasing PEG content within the polymer. Adsorption of the chitosan surfactants onto PE resulted in approximately an 85–96% decrease in the number of adherent platelets. The surfactant polymers also reduced surface induced coagulation activation, which was indicated by the PEG density dependant increase in PRTs. These results indicate that surface modification with our chitosan based surfactant polymers successfully improves blood compatibility. Moreover, the inclusion of either negatively charged SO 3 − groups or a high density of large water-soluble PEG side chains produces a surface that may be suitable for cardiovascular applications.