Abstract
Chitosan is a cationic polysaccharide that is usually obtained by alkaline deacetylation of chitin poly(N-acetylglucosamine). It is biocompatible, biodegradable, mucoadhesive, and non-toxic. These excellent biological properties make chitosan a good candidate for a platform in developing drug delivery systems having improved biodistribution, increased specificity and sensitivity, and reduced pharmacological toxicity. In particular, chitosan nanoparticles are found to be appropriate for non-invasive routes of drug administration: oral, nasal, pulmonary and ocular routes. These applications are facilitated by the absorption-enhancing effect of chitosan. Many procedures for obtaining chitosan nanoparticles have been proposed. Particularly, the introduction of hydrophobic moieties into chitosan molecules by grafting to generate a hydrophobic-hydrophilic balance promoting self-assembly is a current and appealing approach. The grafting agent can be a hydrophobic moiety forming micelles that can entrap lipophilic drugs or it can be the drug itself. Another suitable way to generate self-assembled chitosan nanoparticles is through the formation of polyelectrolyte complexes with polyanions. This paper reviews the main approaches for preparing chitosan nanoparticles by self-assembly through both procedures, and illustrates the state of the art of their application in drug delivery.
Highlights
Chitosan (CS) is a family of linear polysaccharides that is composed of glucosamine andN-acetylglucosamine units linked together by β (1 → 4) glycosidic links (Figure 1)
Depending on the natural source and the conditions used to isolate and deacetylate chitin, the resulting degree of acetylation (DA) and molecular weight of chitosan will depend on the reaction parameters that are involved [1]
When the epithelium was removed, the FCS-Dextran sulfate (DS) NPs penetrated the stroma. These results indicate that FCS-DS NPs are potentially useful for drug/gene delivery to the ocular surface and to the stroma when the epithelium is damaged [98]
Summary
Chitosan (CS) is a family of linear polysaccharides that is composed of glucosamine and. The aim of the present article is to review the main approaches used for preparing chitosan nanoparticles by self-assembly through both procedures, and to illustrate the state of the[33]. Polyanions aim of the present article is to review the main approaches used for preparing chitosan nanoparticles by self-assembly through both procedures, and to illustrate the state of the art Polyelectrolyte in2.drug delivery. Under certain molecular weights at non-stoichiometric mixing ratios, can generate water-soluble PECs on a conditions, polyelectrolytes, with weak ionic groups and significantly different molecular weights molecular the level [34,35]. The increase in entropy by the release these low molecular weight counter-ions to the medium is the produced main driving force for of PEC formation. [52,53], heparin [54], and other polyions [55,56,57,58,59,60,61]
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