Chitosan-Based Biomaterial, Calcium Hydroxide and Chlorhexidine for Potential Use as Intracanal Medication

Bruna De Siqueira Nunes,Rossemberg Cardoso Barbosa,Marcus Vinícius Lia Fook,Wladymyr Jefferson Bacalhau De Sousa,Hermano De Vasconcelos Pina,Carlos Eduardo Fontana,Solomon Kweku Sagoe Amoah,Abrahão Alves De Oliveira Filho,João Emídio Da Silva Neto,Carlos Eduardo Da Silveira Bueno,Rosana Araújo Rosendo,Alexandre Sigrist De Martin

doi:10.3390/ma14030488

Abstract

The objective of this study was to develop a chitosan-based biomaterial with calcium hydroxide and 2% chlorhexidine for intracanal treatment application and, consequently, to diminish the number of microorganisms in the root canal system. The chitosan solution was prepared by dissolving it in 2% and 4% acetic acid (v/v) for 1 h at room temperature (25 °C) with magnetic agitation (430 rpm). Calcium hydroxide was obtained in two stages: the first was the synthesis of the calcium oxide—CaO, and the second was that of the calcium hydroxide—Ca(OH)2. The samples were developed using different concentrations of chitosan, calcium hydroxide, and chlorhexidine 2%. They were codified as Ca(OH)2 + Q2% (M1), Ca(OH)2 + Q4% (M2), Ca(OH)2 + Q2% + CLX (M3), Ca(OH)2 + Q4% + CLX (M4), Ca(OH)2 + Q2% + PEG (M5), and Ca(OH)2 + Q4% + PEG (M6). They were characterized through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and rheological measurement, and the antimicrobial activity was evaluated in vitro. Characteristic absorption bands of the source materials used in this research were observed in the FTIR spectra. The X-ray diffraction technique indicated that the material has a semi-crystalline structure and that the presence of calcium hydroxide made the biomaterial more crystalline. The viscosity measurement showed a pseudoplastic behavior of the studied samples. The microbiologic analysis was positive for all samples tested, with bigger inhibition zones for the samples M3 and M4. As a result, we conclude that the formulation developed based on chitosan is promising and has potential to be an intracanal medication.

Highlights

Many devices for medical use have been developed throughout the decades to act in the biological human systems
Considering the above, the objective of this study was to develop a biomaterial based on chitosan, calcium hydroxide, and chlorhexidine to act as an intracanal medication to aid in the decontamination of the system of root canals, especially in cases in which the microorganisms were not eliminated by the chemical–mechanical preparation, in order to diminish the number of bacteria and increase the chances of success in endodontic treatments
Biomaterials made of chitosan, calcium hydroxide, PEG-400, and chlorhexidine were developed

Summary

Introduction

Many devices for medical use have been developed throughout the decades to act in the biological human systems. They take the form of drug release devices, implantable materials, artificial organs, and wound dressings. These may be described as biomaterials, as they are in contact with the human biological system and can be classified according to the most used ones: ceramic, metallic, composite, and polymers [1]. The structure of chitin is insoluble in water and in many organic solvents It is obtained through chemical processes, and it is found in the exoskeleton of crustaceans and fungi [2]

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