Chirurgie der akuten Aortenklappenendokarditis: Prognose bei paravalvulären Abszessen

Abstract

The occurrence of paravalvular abscesses in the course of an acute endocarditis of the aortic valve indicates an advanced stadium of the disease. The infection has spread beyond the limits of the valve leaflets, and ongoing destruction of the paravalvular tissue is to be expected, if the endocarditis is continually treated by antibiotics alone. Surgery of acute endocarditis with paravalvular abscess, however, supposedly carries an increased risk of early mortality and late morbidity. The following prospective study was carried out to determine whether a radical surgical approach together with aggressive postoperative antibiotic therapy could help to improve results. Between 1988 and 1995, 138 patients were operated during the acute phase of infective endocarditis; in 102 the aortic valve was involved. Among these, 44 had paravalvular abscesses at the time of surgery. The mean age of both groups was the same, but there was a higher rate of concomitant coronary artery disease, multiple valve involvement, advanced NYHA-class, and staphylococcal disease among the patients with abscesses. All interventions were carried out with cardiopulmonary bypass and cardioplegic arrest. The aortic valve was resected, abscesses were removed, and each part of potentially infected or necrotic tissue was resected as complete as possible, irrespective of the possibility to jeopardize the conduction system or to create large tissue defects. The aortic valve was replaced with a mechanical prosthesis in each case. The postoperative antibiotic regimen was specifically directed against the microorganisms isolated preoperatively; therapy was only modified, if signs of systemic infection did not disappear three days after surgery. The operative mortality was 10% among patients without an abscess and 11% in patients with a paravalvular abscess. Early recurrent endocarditis was recorded in two patients without and in only one patient with an abscess. Late recurrent endocarditis was noted in three patients; none of them had abscesses at the time of surgery. We conclude that the operative risk of acute endocarditis of the aortic valve with a paravalvular abscess does not have to be inevitably higher compared to cases without paravalvular involvement. To achieve these results, it is necessary to use a radical surgical approach and to adjust postoperative antibiotic therapy, if infectious signs do not disappear shortly after surgery.