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Abstract
Two species of Chironomus with essentially identical adult wing patterns, C. strenzkei and C. striatipennis, have been reported from Brazil. Specimens were collected from the same region in the Manaus area some 50 years apart. Morphological, cytological and DNA Barcode comparisons all confirm that these two species are inseparable on any of the characteristics studied. Moreover, for the mitochondrial COI region investigated, the sequences are completely identical, and polytene chromosome banding patterns are shared between C. strenzkei and C. striatipennis populations from Japan. I therefore argue that the former species must be a junior synonym of C. striatipennis. As a result of the synonymy, C. striatipennis now becomes a new record for California and North America, and hence has a Holarctic distribution. The DNA sequence comparisons suggest that the Brazilian population may have derived from China, rather than Korea as suggested previously, and that the Californian population may not have been introduced from South America, but could equally likely have come from Asia.
Highlights
In the 1960s, while researching in the area of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, Fittkau collected a species of Chironomus with patterned wings, a life cycle of about 10 days and amenable to being maintained as a laboratory colony
Wülker and Morath (1989) studied the polytene chromosomes noting that it belonged to the pseuothummi-cytocomplex with arm combination AE, BF, CD, G, but stating that the banding patterns showed no similarity to the other South American species they were studying
Sublette and Mulla (2000) reported C. strenzkei from California on the basis of adult morphology, assuming it to be a recent migrant because it had not been collected in previous extensive surveys in the area
Summary
In the 1960s, while researching in the area of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, Fittkau collected a species of Chironomus with patterned wings, a life cycle of about 10 days and amenable to being maintained as a laboratory colony. Wülker and Morath (1989) studied the polytene chromosomes noting that it belonged to the pseuothummi-cytocomplex with arm combination AE, BF, CD, G, but stating that the banding patterns showed no similarity to the other South American species they were studying. The species was identified initially as C. kiiensis Tokunaga, 1936 (Lacerda et al 2014) on the basis of morphological studies of adults, pupae and larvae from the colony, and the mitochondrial COI DNA barcode region of 2 larvae and an adult by Amora et al (2015).
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