Abstract
This review draws attention to the use of chiral monolithic silica HPLC columns for the enantiomeric separation and determination of chiral compounds. Properties and advantages of monolithic silica HPLC columns are also highlighted in comparison to conventional particle-packed, fused-core, and sub-2-µm HPLC columns. Nano-LC capillary monolithic silica columns as well as polymeric-based and hybrid-based monolithic columns are also demonstrated to show good enantioresolution abilities. Methods for introducing the chiral selector into the monolithic silica column in the form of mobile phase additive, by encapsulation and surface coating, or by covalent functionalization are described. The application of molecular modeling methods to elucidate the selector–selectand interaction is discussed. An application for enantiomeric impurity determination is also considered.
Highlights
The separation and identification of chiral compounds is a relevant issue in several areas of science like the pharmaceutical, agrochemical or food analysis due to the important rule of chirality for human and the environment
As a result of the dramatic case of the chiral drug thalidomide, it was revealed that enantiomers can exhibit different biological, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic properties in a chiral environment as the human body, showing different stereospecific recognition to receptors and active sites [1]
In the case of drugs, during the last decades, the trend to commercialize drugs as enantiomerically pure formulations has risen significantly [1,7]. This increase has been partly encouraged by the market strategy so-called racemic switch, which enable the companies to achieve a patent on a new-single pure enantiomer formulation of a drug that was first sold as racemate [4]
Summary
The separation and identification of chiral compounds is a relevant issue in several areas of science like the pharmaceutical, agrochemical or food analysis due to the important rule of chirality for human and the environment. The growing demand for pure enantiomer formulations requires the development of sensitive analytical methodologies that enable the detection and differentiation of enantiomers and the control of the enantiomeric purity of the marketed products In this sense, liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been widely applied for the analysis of chiral compounds due to its multiple advantages and suitability to achieve the separation of enantiomers. In contrast to conventional liquid chromatography with particle packed columns, highly efficient fast separation is usually desired in different fields including but not limited to pharmaceutical, biological, food and environmental analysis. The second-generation monolithic (Chromolith® HighResolution RP-18e columns (100 × 4.6 mm) followed the first by Merck in 2011 It shows improved radial pore distribution and reduced the size of macropores to correspond in performance to sub-2-μm conventional particle packed columns with better peak symmetry than the first generation. This can be used to increase the separation efficiency when analyzing a complex mixture
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