Abstract
The interplay of quantum anomalies with strong magnetic fields and vorticity in chiral systems could lead to novel transport phenomena, such as the chiral magnetic effect (CME), the chiral magnetic wave (CMW), and the chiral vortical effect (CVE). In high-energy nuclear collisions, these chiral effects may survive the expansion of a quark–gluon plasma fireball and be detected in experiments. The experimental searches for the CME, the CMW, and the CVE have aroused extensive interest over the past couple of decades. The main goal of this article is to review the latest experimental progress in the search for these novel chiral transport phenomena at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory and the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. Future programs to help reduce uncertainties and facilitate the interpretation of the data are also discussed.
Highlights
Parameter and the beam momenta of a collision
There has been a community-wide effort to search for the chiral magnetic effect (CME) at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) and at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN over the past two decades
A universal rise-and-fall trend is observed in the centrality dependence of r2 for most beam energies except for 11.5 and 7.7 GeV, where the r2 slopes are consistent with zero, statistical uncertainties are still large. This trend is in line with chiral magnetic wave (CMW) expectations in that it approximately follows how the magnitude of the magnetic field is expected to evolve with centrality
Summary
Parameter and the beam momenta of a collision. As a result, the CME in nuclear collisions will manifest an electric charge transport phenomenon across the reaction plane. Coefficients v1, v2, and v3 of parity-even terms are called the directed flow, elliptic flow, and triangular flow, respectively They reflect the hydrodynamics response of the QGP medium to the initial collision geometry and to its fluctuations [17]. The CMW can manifest itself as an electric quadrupole moment of the collision system, where the “poles” of the produced fireball acquire additional positive charges, and the “equator” acquires additional negative charges [21]. This effect can be explored in the measurements of charge-dependent elliptic flow (v2). Observation of the CMW does not necessarily depend on observation of the CME because the latter requires an initial μ5 from the QCD chiral anomaly (which may be small), while the former only needs a local net electric charge density
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