Abstract
From the sixteenth century onwards, for the purposes of trade, merchants and sailors from various European nations departed for the Indian Ocean, eventually sailing to every region of Asia. Until the nineteenth century, ocean-going voyages were full of dangers. Scurvy, pirates and severe weather, amongst other perils, greatly increased the mortality of ship crews on their voyage, and under these conditions it became essential to get a supply of local seamen for the ship’s return voyage. As a result, when European ships arrived in China for trade, there was often demand for local seamen to complete the return journey.
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