Chinese handmade mulberry paper: Generation of reactive oxygen species and sensitivity to photodegradation

Abstract

Abstract Handmade mulberry paper is a traditional bark paper of China dating back nearly two millennia and is still a popular medium used today for preserving and restoring Asian paper artefacts. In the present study, samples of modern Chinese mulberry paper from different traditional manufacturers were artificially aged by exposure to UVA radiation. Their degradation patterns and associated generation of superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxides were determined by means of various spectroscopic techniques following our previous approach. Furthermore, electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy using 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) as a spin-trapping agent was employed to detect hydroxyl radicals in irradiated paper as well as to provide additional information for the photodegradation mechanism. Like Xuan paper, Chinese handmade mulberry paper exhibited blue fluorescence (λex = 340 − 400 nm; λem = 450 − 480 nm) consistent with it originating from a number of naturally-occurring hydroxylcoumarins. UVA irradiation of papers of different origins resulted in varying changes to the fluorescent species, which, together with the hydrolysis or formation of chromophores absorbing in the visible region, leads to the photobleaching or photoyellowing of paper. The extent of photodiscolouration of different papers correlate with their relative rates of the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including hydrogen peroxides, superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals. SEM-EDS analyses revealed that the Chinese mulberry paper studied in the work had high levels of calcium and phosphorous, together with a much lesser amount of potassium, iron and copper, which probably originate from details in their manufacturing methods. Papers containing high concentrations of these metal ions also exhibited higher yields of ROS, which contribute to a higher level of oxidative stress and thereby affects their photostability. The main mechanism for the photodegradation of Chinese mulberry paper is proposed to be a sensitised oxidation via the formation of activated ROS, catalysed by the presence of transition metal ions, particularly ferric and cupric, and was accelerated by other factors such as moisture. This study has provided detailed knowledge for the photodegradation process of Chinese mulberry paper, which aims to assist the development of effective treatments for the restoration of important paper cultural heritage objects.