Chinese Canadians: Exercising Social Power through Affiliations

Abstract

The Chinese presence within the dominant Canadian host society has been one of struggle and triumph. Racial attitudes caused extreme forms of stereotyping and prejudice against the Chinese residing in Canada. Although many scholars discuss the history of racism against the Chinese in Canada, most leave the Chinese voiceless and do not consider the internal and external powers within the Chinese communities. The Chinese were not defenceless and by creating associations they were able to voice their opinions. Also, by aligning themselves to religious organizations and joining in the military effort, they were able to create their own identity and gain an even footing in the social hierarchy within Canada. Thus, Chinese Canadians have been in full control of creating their own cultural identity within diverse Chinese communities. Chinese associations were established soon after the arrival of the first Chinese settlers in Canada, notably the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association (CCBA) which dealt with numerous issues, charities, some of which provided housing, cultural celebration, and much more. The Chinese created a distinct culture, while at the same time becoming a part of Canada’s cultural mosaic. Despite deep-seated racial oppression, the Chinese Canadians were able to exercise social power by establishing the CCBA, creating associations and assimilating through religious and military affiliations.