Children Show Individual Night-to-Night Variability of Periodic Limb Movements in Sleep

Abstract

Several studies have documented the occurrence of significant night-to-night variability of periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS) in adults.The aim of this study was to investigate the night-tonight variability of PLMS in children. Two to 4 nights of polysomnography were performed as part of a multisite, placebo-controlled study investigating the effects of carbidopa/levodopa on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children who were not taking other medications that impacted the central nervous system. Baseline polysomnograms from all children and endpoint polysomnograms from children who were randomly assigned to a placebo group were scored using International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group criteria for PLMS. PLMS indexes from 101 sleep studies of 36 children, aged 7 to 12 years, were compared. N/A. For all 36 children as a group, PLMS index on Night 1 was predictive of PLMS index on Night 2 (odds ratio 7.0, 95% confidence interval 1.4-38.4), suggesting that overall diagnostic classification (PLMS index above or below 5/h) was accurate. In addition, for the 15 children with 5 or more PLMS per hour on either night, there was no significant group difference on Night 1 versus Night 2 for mean PLMS index (10.6 vs 8.5/h, P = 0.92) or chance of having 5 or more PLMS per hour, indicating no first-night effect. When looking at individual data, however, 9 of these 15 children (60%) had PLMS indexes over and under the 5 per hour cutoff on these 2 nights. Of these 15, 10 had clinical diagnoses of restless legs syndrome and 5 of periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD). The PLMS indexes of all children who were medication free for a third and fourth night (n = 7) or just a third night (n = 2) and had not shown a PLMS index of 5 or greater on either of the first 2 nights remained under this threshold. In this sample of children, considerable individual night-to-night variability of PLMS indexes was observed. This finding has important clinical relevance for the diagnosis of restless legs syndrome and PLMD and may have an impact on future studies that correlate individual PLMS severity with frequently associated symptoms, such as negative affect, fatigue, and inattention. Our data, however, also suggest that individual PLMS variability is random and not likely to skew the group-level analysis of treatment outcome studies.