Abstract
Background:There is increasing evidence of a link between environmental pollution and preventable diseases in developing countries, including Thailand. Economic development has generated several types of pollution that can affect population health. While these environmental health effects can be observed throughout life, pregnant women and children represent particularly vulnerable and sensitive groups.Methods:The published epidemiological literature investigating environmental chemical exposure in Thai children was reviewed, highlighting those that investigated associations between exposure and subsequent health outcomes.Results:The majority of the Thai epidemiological studies on environmental health in children were cross-sectional in design, with some demonstrating associations between exposure and outcome. The three main types of chemical exposure in Thai children were pesticides, heavy metals, and air pollution, which resulted from agricultural activities in countryside areas, industrial zones (both registered and unregistered establishments), mining, and traffic in inner cities. Major health outcomes included detrimental effects on cognitive function and cancer risk. Pesticide exposure was focused on, but not limited to, agricultural areas. The success of the Thai environmental policy to introduce lead–free petrol can be demonstrated by the decline of mean blood lead levels in children, particularly in urban areas. However, unregistered lead-related factories and smelters act as hidden sources. In addition, there is increasing concern, but little acknowledgement, about the effects of chronic arsenic exposure related to mining. Lastly, air pollution remains a problem in both dense city populations due to traffic and in rural areas due to contamination of indoor air and house dust with heavy metals, endotoxins and other allergens.Conclusions:The increasing number of published articles demonstrates an improved awareness of children’s environmental health in Thailand. Chemical hazards, including the improper use of pesticides, environmental contamination with heavy metals (lead and arsenic), and air pollution in inner cities and indoor air, continue to be growing issues.
Highlights
According to the epidemiological literature, there is increasing evidence of an association between environmental pollution and chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in developing countries, including§ Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, TH‖ Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK¶ Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, USThailand
This review aims to 1) conceptualise children’s environmental health in Thailand through a comprehensive review of the available epidemiological literature investigating environmental chemical exposure in Thai children, and 2) propose the future direction of research, policy, and practice to improve the health of children in Thailand and similar upper-middle income countries
All available full-text articles were critically reviewed to identify the major environmental chemical and air pollution threats to children living in Thailand, highlighting those that investigated associations between exposure and subsequent health outcomes
Summary
According to the epidemiological literature, there is increasing evidence of an association between environmental pollution and chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in developing countries, including. Economic development has generated several types of pollution that can affect population health While these environmental health effects can be observed throughout life, pregnant women and children represent vulnerable and sensitive groups. The three main types of chemical exposure in Thai children were pesticides, heavy metals, and air pollution, which resulted from agricultural activities in countryside areas, industrial zones (both registered and unregistered establishments), mining, and traffic in inner cities. Chemical hazards, including the improper use of pesticides, environmental contamination with heavy metals (lead and arsenic), and air pollution in inner cities and indoor air, continue to be growing issues
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