Childhood Maltreatment, Gender Nonconformity, and Adolescent Sexual Orientation: A Prospective Birth Cohort Study.

Abstract

This study tested whether associations between childhood maltreatment and adolescent sexual orientation were accounted for by childhood gender nonconforming behavior (GNCB) in a prospective birth cohort (N=5,007). Childhood parental maltreatment (physical and emotional) and GNCB were assessed on multiple occasions up to age 6years, and sexual orientation at 15.5years. Boys with a history of maltreatment were significantly more likely to be nonheterosexual. Using propensity score weighting, maltreatment was associated with a 3.5% (p=.03) increase in the prevalence of nonheterosexuality accounting for confounders not including GNCB, and by 2.9% (p=.06) when also accounting for GNCB. These findings suggest that maltreatment is associated with an increased prevalence of nonheterosexuality in boys but may be explained by confounding factors including GNCB.