Childhood, Loss and Art in Masefield’s Harker Novels

This essay describes a migration scenario of architects in the interwar period, one that is different from others of the epoch. The Third Migration addresses a movement of mostly left-wing architects from Europe to the Soviet Union during the interwar period, architects that mostly relocated before the war, and many returned to Europe after the war. The Third Migration points towards a third paradigm of migration and not a chronological sequence, the first example being the Le Corbusier school around the world, and the second example being the Bauhaus that goes to the United States with Walter Gropius, Mies van der Rohe et alli. This larger frame helps to situate the specific group of architecture students from the German Bauhaus who followed Meyer to the Soviet Union in 1930 after he was expelled from the directorship of the Bauhaus: the so-called Red Bauhaus Brigade. This essay questions whether the movements of this Third Migration can be considered global and suggests a frame for analyzing the dissemination of modern architecture.

In my research, I have used the postmodern concept of border to analyze the influence of borders on identity building of a national minority, namely that of the Hungarians in Transylvania in the interwar period. According to recent border studies, borders can be dealt with as zones and as cultural and mental landscapes, which serve to make contacts between different entities (in the case of this research between different linguistic and ethnic groups). The aim of this study is to seek possible answers to questions such as why and how people produce borders through symbols and narratives. How does the human perception of a landscape influence the shaping of a landscape and the way people treat that landscape? In a narrower sense, it analyzes topics like the interpretation of national minority existence, the bidirectional attempt to construct and deconstruct virtual borders and the symbolic value of the mother tongue for a minority. The basic materials of my present study are Transylvanian Hungarian literary texts. As far as the theoretical basis of the study is concerned, I analyze the topic from the perspective of border studies, cultural and mental landscape studies and identity studies.

The article presents the results of the research on venia legendi (the right to de­liver lectures at the university) and the status of private docent at the University of Latvia (UL) until 1944. The term «private docent» was used worldwide in the 18th century; it is still in use in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. In Latvia, it was introduced in the 1860s at the first higher education institution established in the current territory of Latvia – Riga Polytechnicum. The terms «private docent» and «venia legendi» were used in Latvia until the end of World War II. In the present study, the author explains how these terms were used at the UL during the interwar period and during World War II considering the empirical data obtained in the course of research of archival documents and library collections. The article provides an overview of the private docents working at the UL from 1919 to 1944 and their activities in this period.

The article presents the results of the research on venia legendi (the right to deliver lectures at the university) and the status of private docent at the University of Latvia (UL) until 1944. The term «private docent» was used worldwide in the 18th century; it is still in use in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. In Latvia, it was introduced in the 1860s at the first higher education institution established in the current territory of Latvia – Riga Polytechnicum. The terms «private docent» and «venia legendi» were used in Latvia until the end of World War II. In the present study, the author explains how these terms were used at the UL during the interwar period and during World War II considering the empirical data obtained in the course of research of archival documents and library collections. The article provides an overview of the private docents working at the UL from 1919 to 1944 and their activities in this period.

Accounting historians and cultural researchers have often made use of literary sources to provide evidence of accounting practices, and of the character and social status of bookkeepers and accountants. The present study extends this to an English novel of the 1930s, Nevil Shute’s Ruined City , whose protagonist is a banker based in the City of London. The novel tells the story of questionable financial dealings around the initial public offering of shares in a shipbuilding company, and includes an interesting and frank discussion of accounting manipulation. The present study puts the novel’s story into the context of frauds and financial scandals in Britain in the inter-war period, and examines the extent to which analytical frameworks currently used to study fraud (such as the “fraud triangle”) provide an adequate understanding for such scandals. The study also considers the extent to which apparently realistic literary descriptions of accounting and financial practices can be relied on as historical evidence for accounting, business and financial researchers.

Seen from the distance of over half a century, Kenneth Slessor appears as the most important Australian poet of the period between the world wars; his work is widely praised by other poets and remains popular with the reading public. But this is the view from the present. A different picture emerges if Slessor's poetry is considered against the cultural background in which it was first published. This thesis examines some of the contemporaneous contexts for Slessor's writing. The institutions of Australian literature during the 1920s and 1930s - from the commercial strategies of its publishers to the preferences of its readers - were important factors in the circulation of Slessor's work. Chapter one of this thesis will consider the ways in which Slessor responded to these material circumstances and to his culture's prevailing literary tastes; it will also consider his response to what might be thought of as a current of irrationalism in the popular culture of his day. The remaining two chapters will traverse other contexts for his poetry: the writing of some of his friends and associates; forms of power and ideas of community; and, finally, his relationship to the physical world around him, the city and its objects.Recent commentary has tended to emphasise Slessor's social and political conservatism, especially by pointing to the later phases of his career as a journalist and newspaper editor. This study seeks to qualify and, on occasion, challenge that view. Opinions that Slessor expressed decades after he stopped writing poetry are not always a reliable guide to his work from the twenties and thirties. Seen in context, Slessor's poems and prose from the inter-war period often adopted positions that should properly be regarded as liberal, even transgressive, by the standards of their day. In this respect, the present study proceeds from an illocutionary assumption - that it is possible to examine a poem, like any other form of utterance, as an event of its time in order to recover something of its original sense. Criticism of Slessor's poetry has often concentrated on questions of its supposed modernism. The approach here, archival rather than theoretical, will not attempt to rehearse those debates. Instead, the emphasis will be on the material and institutional factors that influenced the development of his work, especially in its existence as a commodity of a special kind, circulating within a larger cultural economy. Seen in this light, Slessor appears less an aspiring member of a supposed artist-aristocracy (as he has been called by some critics) and more a struggling vendor of a marginalised literary product - much like the pedlar who exhorts citizens to buy his macabre wares in Cannibal Street, the last poem of the Five Bells collection. Yet the historicist approach of this thesis does not seek to reconstitute poems merely as documents of their era, nor to disregard their status as works of the imagination. As well as surveying cultural contexts, the present study is intended as a form of attention to the literariness of Slessor's writing.

The following article is a dual-purpose research. On the one hand, it illustrates one of the ways in which the Romanian academic and intellectual elites became involved in the public life of the city of Cluj, and even of Transylvania, in the first half of the twentieth century: On the other hand, the present study highlights the way in which the networks of alumni and teachers contributed to the geographical and social transfer of a cultural holiday with multiple and long-lasting meanings. The ‘Maial’ of the Braşov settlers in Cluj, which we will further analyze in detail, is a public event directly related to the educational world: Originally, the maial designates a country festivity or celebration in honor of spring, organized by students in middle school or high school. Of Austrian origin, the Maial ceremony spread in Transylvania during the 19th century, becoming very popular in the Romanian educational environment. The foundation of the Romanian University of Cluj in 1919, as well as the entry into the local academic body of a large number of graduates of the prestigious Andrei Saguna High School in Brasov, led to the embrace and adoption of the Maial festivity at the university level as well, since 1927. With the help of prosopography and other methods of historical investigation, we are therefore documenting the place and role of different generations of alumni, educated at the schools in Brasov, in creating/ shaping the scientific and social identity of the Cluj Alma Mater.

이 연구는 미국 금융패권 형성 과정에서 미국 행정부/의회와 초국적 금융자본의 관계와 그의 정치경제적 함의를 모색하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 전간기를 중심으로 초국적 금융자본을 대표하는 제이피 모건(J.P. Morgan)의 사례를 분석한다. 제이피 모건은 미국 국내 산업과 금융 커뮤니티에서의 영향력뿐만 아니라 영국과 프랑스를 둘러싼 국제 정치경제적 네트워크를 기반으로, 초국적 금융자본으로 성장할 수 있었다. 제1차 세계대전 발발과 제이피 모건의 급속한 성장은 세계 금융패권이 영국 런던에서 미국 뉴욕으로 이동하는 데 기여하였다. 초국적 금융자본의 주도하에 미국의 금융패권 획득 의지는 이미 전간기에 드러났다. 국제적으로 제이피 모건은 도스 플랜(Dawes Plan)과 영 플랜(Young Plan)을 실행하는 과정에 적극적으로 참여하였고, 미국 행정부는 제이피 모건의 네트워크와 세일즈 능력을 활용하였다. 미국 의회는 엣지법(Edge Act)과 같은 법 제정을 통해 전간기 금융자본의 해외 진출을 도왔다. 제이피 모건은 자신들의 이익을 보호하고 확대하고자 미국의 국제주의적 외교정책을 지지하였다. 하지만, 국내적으로 미국 행정부는 대법원의 판결을 통해 금융자본을 규제했다. 의회는 반(反) 금융자본 정서에 편승하여 청문회를 개최하고 제이피 모건을 견제하고자 했다. 그럼으로써 미국 대외경제정책의 방향이 국제주의로 나아가는 것을 경계했다. 결국 제이피 모건은 두 개의 회사로 분리되었다.

Using a succession of monographic notes, the present study reconstitutes the image of the social/ sanitary protection institutions in Cluj, during the interwar period, founded and supported by the women’s societies. The oldest such an institution, dating from the second half of the 19th century, was “Maria Valeria” Orphanage under the patronage of the homonymous society. The most numerous were the day nurseries supported by the Israelite, Reformed, Roman Catholic, Greek‑Catholic, and Unitarian women’s societies. These provided care and education for needy children for the time their parents were at work. Besides these, the Israelite and Reformed nursing homes for old ladies also worked. The Unitarian establishment and “Grinţescu” House worked for needy young schoolgirls and students; the needy young girls who came in the town were assisted by the station mission and the employment office of the Romanian University Women’s Association from Cluj. The estab‑ lishments for sanitary protec‑tion were supported by the Association for the Protection of Mother and Infant from Cluj and the “Principele Mircea” society, Cluj branch. The Charity Fund of “Principesa Elena”, Cluj branch, and “Caritatea” Society used to send the needy children and young men to spend their holidays in sanatoriums/ camps organized under their patronage. There are results which reveal the fact that the women in Cluj mainly dedicated their work, through their societies, to needy women and their children, as they understood the social responsibility as their own duty to voluntary contribute to a better society. There were founded exemplary establishments to protect ethnic and religious communities, but charity frequently ignored such limits. To continuously support those establishments, the women organized events, campaigns, and collections, generating a voluntary redistribution of welfare to the deprived persons. On the whole, the study spotlights the women’s contribution to the actions of the civil society in the interwar period, related to the social/ sanitary assistance.

This paper focuses on the formation and dynamic of the Asia Minor refugee association in Lesvos island (in Greece), during two historical periods: the period known as the First Persecution (Protos Diogmos, in Greek) (1914-1918) and the interwar period (1922-1936). Collectivities of first refugee generation are transformed into communities, unions and associations at the host country (Lesvos), trying to integrate into society and constitute their social reality, structuring new collective identities, collective memories and historical conscience. The present case study relies on primary sources and archival material. It provides us the possibility of both comparative study and exploration/analysis of Asia Minor’s refugee association development, since it constitutes part of an ongoing research regarding the Asia Minor Refugee Memory, resulting through genealogical succession within the Asia Minor’s Refugee Associations institutional context, in Lesvos.

Identification of the original planting range used and its specific applications in the objects of historical landscape works can significantly help in art monuments reconstruction. Concerning the work of interwar Czech landscape architects, the issue of a perennial flower bed has been intensively studied. By the tree and bush floors, the problem is more complex. The work of Josef Kumpán has mostly been documented by fully preserved planting plans. The present case study on a uniquely discovered specific planting plan of the landscape architect Josef Vaněk provides insight into how bush groups were handled, composed, and what was their specific composition. These documents allow comparing the creative approaches of landscape designers of this era. The study contributes to the reconstruction or maintenance of monument objects created in the interwar period.

Le motivazioni sottese a questo studio riguardano alcuni aspetti finora meno studiati del termalismo in Italia, in particolare le trasformazioni prodotte sul settore termale dall’intervento dello Stato a partire dagli anni tra le due guerre; tale intervento, intensifi catosi nel corso della seconda metà del Ventesimo secolo, produsse un nuovo modello di sviluppo, fuori dalle logiche di mercato, incentrato sul termalismo sociale assistito. Divenuto insostenibile dal punto di vista fi nanziario, dalla fi ne del Novecento l’apporto statale si ridusse drasticamente costringendo le imprese del settore ad elaborare nuovi percorsi per uscire da un profondo stato di crisi.Dopo aver fornito un inquadramento generale, tali processi sono stati studiati attraverso un particolare caso di studio, quello delle Terme di Viterbo. Le vicende di questa stazione termale sono state analizzate storicamente ricorrendo a fonti archivistiche inedite, ma sono state anche inquadrate nei loro assetti odierni sulla base di recenti indagini condotte dalle istituzioni locali, mosse dall’obiettivo di rivitalizzare i fl ussi turistici anche attraverso un nuovo connubio tra termalismo e benessere.

British Burma in the new century, 1895-1918 By STEPHEN L. KECK Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. Pp. x +230. Notes, Bibliography, Index. doi: 10.1017/S0022463416000643 This book, one in the series Britain and the World edited by the British Scholar Society, pursues two lines of approach. One is to focus on a specific period in the history of Burma that the author considers has been neglected, that between the end, about 1895, of the ten years of British 'pacification' that followed the third Burma war and the abolition of the kingdom, and the emergence of nationalist activity around the end of the First World War, in particular with the opening of the University of Rangoon. Dr Keck thinks that the period has an integrity that historians have rather neglected, and that his book is 'the first to delineate this moment as a relatively discrete historical entity' (p. 3). In his view the period shows the 'colonial state' at work and permits clarification of its objectives and effectiveness. And that, he considers, ought to make it more of a feature in the history of Burma/Myanmar than it does in writings that tend to proceed rather too rapidly from conquest to nationalist movement. There is surely something to be said for this point of view, though it seems to be a bit exaggerated. A drawback is that it risks playing down the influence on the policies and assumptions of the period of the experience of the earlier conquests of 'Lower' Burma. The second line of approach is to make use less of the official records than of 'colonial knowledge', to work, as the author puts it, 'outside the grain' (p. 22). In this he particularly refers to the writing about Burma in the period with which he is mainly concerned, especially those he calls 'Burmaphiles', such as Sir George Scott (Shway Yoe), V.C. Scott O'Connor, Harold Fielding-Hall, Colin Metcalfe Enriques, 'the most important strand of British intellectual history for this study' (p. 18). The aim is to let 'these largely forgotten figures'--he adds in missionaries, 'memorialists', travellers and satirists--'introduce new century Burma' (pp. 24-5). After the first chapter has introduced these approaches, the second concerns itself with 'locating' Burma. The most interesting conclusion Dr Keck draws from his sources is their indication that Burma would develop as a new nation, but separate from India, of which it had been made a province. That notion is indeed worth bearing in mind when historians consider 'separation' in the inter-war period. The third chapter, 'Governing Burma', draws on 'colonial knowledge' rather less and official records rather more. It discusses the role of the headman (though without the usual critique of the irrelevance of Sir Charles Crosthwaite's approach), policing, prisons, the use of Insein as a reformatory, corruption, public health, and the handling of the outbreaks of bubonic plague. …

The concept of national cuisine is inextricably linked to national consciousness and the formation of national states. While there are many ways in which national cuisine can be represented in culture, the written depiction in cookbooks will be studied in this article. A specific period in Latvian history has been chosen for this purpose: the interwar period following the establishment of the Latvian State. The example of Latvia demonstrates that national cuisine is a set of defined and standardized principles that reflect distinct socioeconomic circumstances as well as State’s views and interests.

Tracing “memories of empire” after decolonization has become a popular research topic for at least three reasons—the appearance of a useful body of theory about collective memory, the fact that collective memory is implicit in the concept of “postcolonialism,” and the imminent unavailability of the last bearers of first-hand colonial memories. All of these factors are evident in this book, which examines colonial memory in Germany from World War I to about 1990. Although its perspective is broad, it is not fully comprehensive. Its focus on representative topics in specific periods is an appropriate strategy, however, given the heterogeneity of colonial memory. Moreover, the memories with which Schilling is concerned are almost exclusively those of white Europeans in Germany and in Germany’s former African colonies. The Pacific and China are largely absent, and, for the most part, the memories of Africans are presented as subjects of reports by Germans, not as objects of research in themselves.Schilling describes Germany as having been “decolonized” at the end of World War I. The manner in which Germany’s decolonization occurred—its colonies confiscated by the victors on the formal grounds that Germany had been a bad colonial ruler—gives comparison with later cases only limited utility, but it was crucial for the construction of German colonial memories. One such “memory”—of Germans as effective colonialists with loyal African subjects who preferred them to their later rulers—was a deliberate attempt to counter the assertion that had justified the seizure of the colonies and to campaign for their return. Other colonial memories of the interwar years were also constructed for use in national politics. Schilling describes a few nonpolitical memories, including exotic colonial “dreams” embodied in “colonial balls” during the 1920s, which she associates with fads for jazz, Josephine Baker, and tropical consumer goods. She suggests, however, that even these fancies tended to be understood in the context of forced decolonization.For the post-1945 period, Schilling focuses on how the split between West and East Germany structured alternative public versions of colonial memory. Whereas the East portrayed itself as heir to a supposedly consistent anticolonialism on the socialist left, the West often officially referred back to the memory of “good” German colonialism, emphasizing the benefits conferred by Germans on their grateful subjects. Schilling cites government files concerning official gifts to newly independent states during the 1960s to reveal the complex role of colonial memory in formulating policy toward Africa. She also discusses the radical left’s use of memories of German colonialism to attack the contemporary Federal Republic during this same decade. In a chapter about the disappearance of public monuments to colonialists, Schilling paints a picture of public colonial memory fading during the 1980s, whereas in another chapter, she shows how private memories continued to be maintained in the families of Germans who once lived in the colonies. She does not attempt to explain in any depth the modest resurgence of public and academic interest in Germany’s colonial history that has been evident since about 2000.Schilling does not display a particularly thorough knowledge of German colonial history; she makes a few factual errors, although none of significance. Her attempt to connect each of the chapters to a body of theory is sometimes successful and sometimes not. Overall, Schilling makes a useful contribution to the historical literature on collective and colonial memory.