Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Considering the World Health Organization recommendation to implement child contact management (CCM) for TB, we conducted a mixed-methods systematic review to summarize CCM implementation, challenges, predictors, and recommendations. We searched the electronic databases of PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies published between 1996–2017 that reported CCM data from high TB-burden countries. Protocol details for this systematic review were registered on PROSPERO: International prospective register of systematic reviews (#CRD42016038105). We formulated a search strategy to identify all available studies, published in English that specifically targeted a) population: child contacts (<15 years) exposed to TB in the household from programmatic settings in high burden countries (HBCs), b) interventions: CCM strategies implemented within the CCM cascade, c) comparisons: CCM strategies studied and compared in HBCs, and d) outcomes: monitoring and evaluation of CCM outcomes reported in the literature for each CCM cascade step. We included any quantitative, qualitative, mixed-methods study design except for randomized-controlled trials, editorials or commentaries. Thirty-seven studies were reviewed. Child contact losses varied greatly for screening, isoniazid preventive therapy initiation, and completion. CCM challenges included: infrastructure, knowledge, attitudes, stigma, access, competing priorities, and treatment. CCM recommendations included: health system strengthening, health education, and improved preventive therapy. Identified predictors included: index case and clinic characteristics, perceptions of barriers and risk, costs, and treatment characteristics. CCM lacks standardization resulting in common challenges and losses throughout the CCM cascade. Prioritization of a CCM-friendly healthcare environment with improved CCM processes and tools; health education; and active, evidence-based strategies can decrease barriers. A focused approach toward every aspect of the CCM cascade will likely diminish losses throughout the CCM cascade and ultimately decrease TB related morbidity and mortality in children.
Highlights
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading infectious cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide
In line with the first two pillars of the End TB Strategy that recommend: (1) integrated, patient-centered TB care and prevention and (2) bold policies and supportive systems, we propose a contact management (CCM) care cascade for child contacts
We used the following free text and MeSH terms: tuberculosis, isoniazid preventive therapy, contact management, child, and a list of countries with an estimated TB incidence of greater than 40:100,000 population during 2015, to ensure inclusion of all countries listed on the World Health Organization (WHO) TB, TB/HIV and MDR TB high burden lists [1]
Summary
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading infectious cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In 2015, there were an estimated 10.4 million incident cases of TB and 1.8 million TB deaths. At least 1.0 million (10%) of these cases were estimated to be in children [1]. The risk of TB disease progression in children is significantly higher than in adults, in children
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