Abstract
Abstract The objective of this study is to gather sufficient information to make a diagnosis of drinking water sufficiency in the Chihuahua-Sacramento and Tabalaopa-Aldama aquifers. By applying advanced statistical techniques, the goal is to find the variables that control the regional and intermediate flow systems and establish the characteristics of a heterogeneous aquifer. The variables chosen from those established were as follows: total solids (TS), nitrates (NO3), fluoride (F), and total hardness, among others. In order to establish a conceptual model, the results from all the sampling were carried out by the National Water Commission (CONAGUA) in the aforementioned aquifers and were used to obtain an approximate flow differentiation. The results showed a good flow differentiation. In addition, a group of mixed water was detected among the intermediate and regional flows. The increase in the average regional flow values suggests a rise in the incidence of an upward flow of the regional flow as a result of uncontrolled extraction.
Highlights
Over the evolutionary period of life on the planet, and especially since the appearance of man, water resources were exploited in a balanced and stable way in regard to the ecosystem
The objectives of this study are to investigate the available links of information to determine the combination of factor analysis and cluster analysis as a tool to find: (a) The variables that control the regional and intermediate flow systems. (b) The way to differentiate the flows in a heterogeneous aquifer of great thickness
Arid areas in Chihuahua have an Aridity Index (AI) between 0.05 and 0.2, they lose a large fraction of precipitation to evapotranspiration and only a small amount reaches the water table; temperature plays an important factor in the magnitude of recharge
Summary
Over the evolutionary period of life on the planet, and especially since the appearance of man, water resources were exploited in a balanced and stable way in regard to the ecosystem. Groundwater systems have relatively large volumes of water in storage providing a unique buffer capacity, the groundwater systems’ major strength It allows the periodic and seasonal conditions for survival in semi-arid and arid regions and it helps reducing the risk of temporary water shortages (enhancing the value of groundwater), specially groundwater, which represents 97% of the available freshwater in the world and is the main source of water for one third of the world’s population (Hunter et al 2016). The second aquifer, Tabalaopa-Aldama (ATA) or 0835 aquifer, it has 42 active wells for drinking water and provides 30.14% of the total annual volume for supply of the city
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