Chest ultrasound findings in children with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis.

Abstract

Chest ultrasound is increasingly used for the diagnosis of pediatric lung disease but there are limited data for its use in pediatric pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). To describe chest ultrasound findings in children with suspected PTB. Consecutive children, presenting with suspected PTB to a tertiary children's hospital in Cape Town between July 2014 and March 2016, were enrolled in this cohort study. Children were categorized into three groups based on microbiological and clinical features; confirmed PTB (microbiologically confirmed), unconfirmed PTB (clinical diagnosis only), and unlikely PTB (respiratory disease not due to PTB). A clinician, blinded to categorization, performed chest and mediastinal ultrasound for consolidation, pleural gaps, pleural effusions, B-lines or enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes at enrolment and 1, 3, and 6 months thereafter. Two readers interpreted the ultrasounds independently. One hundred seventy children (median age 26.6 months) were enrolled; 40 (24%) confirmed PTB, 85 (50%) unconfirmed PTB, and 45 (26%) unlikely PTB. In children with confirmed PTB, pleural effusion was more common (30% vs 9% in unlikely PTB, P = 0.024), mediastinal lymph nodes were larger (median size 1.5 cm vs 1.0 cm in unlikely PTB, P = 0.027), resolution of consolidation occurred less commonly at 1-month follow-up (24% vs 67% unlikely TB, P = 0.014) and the proportional size reduction of a consolidation was lower (44% vs 80% in unlikely PTB, P = 0.009). Inter-reader agreement was perfect to moderate. Chest ultrasound identified abnormalities suggestive of PTB with a high inter-reader agreement. Consolidation showed slower resolution in children with confirmed PTB.