Abstract
Pistachios are rich in health-promoting bioactive compounds such as B vitamins, γ-tocopherol, polyphenols and dietary fiber, which could contribute to the reduction of colon cancer risk in terms of chemoprevention (Fischer, S.; Glei, M. Health-Potential of Nuts. Ernaehrungs Umsch. Int. 2013, 60, 206–215.). Since pistachios are often consumed roasted, the present study aims at investigating the influence of different roasting conditions (RC) on potential chemopreventive effects of pistachios in colon adenoma cells such as growth and apoptosis, genotoxic- and anti-genotoxic effects and modulation of gene expression of detoxifying enzymes (CAT, SOD2, GPx1, and GSTP1). Fermentation supernatants (FS) were obtained from raw and roasted (RC1 = 141 °C/25 min, RC2 = 160 °C/15 min and RC3 = 185 °C/21 min) pistachios after in vitro fermentation. FS of pistachios significantly reduced LT97 cell growth in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Compared to the blank control, pistachio FS (2.5%) led to a significant average reduction of H2O2-induced DNA damage (1.5-fold). Levels of CAT mRNA were significantly increased (1.3-fold, on average for 5% FS). Pistachio FS (5%) significantly increased the number of early apoptotic cells (up to 2.1-fold) and levels of caspase-3 activities (up to 6.9-fold). The present results confirm a chemopreventive potential of pistachios, which is mediated by growth inhibition, induction of apoptosis and anti-genotoxic effects, as well as induction of CAT. These effects remain mostly unaffected by roasting.
Highlights
Nuts, such as pistachios, are considered as health-promoting food, because of their high content of unsaturated fatty acids, dietary fiber, plant secondary metabolites, vitamins and micronutrients [1].For example, a correlation between nut consumption and a reduced incidence of tumor diseases, such as cancers of colon, endometrium or pancreas [2], has been observed
The present results confirm a chemopreventive potential of pistachios, which is mediated by growth inhibition, induction of apoptosis and anti-genotoxic effects, as well as induction of CAT
Treatment of LT97 cells with Fermentation supernatants (FS) obtained from pistachios as well as blank and Synergy1®
Summary
Nuts, such as pistachios, are considered as health-promoting food, because of their high content of unsaturated fatty acids, dietary fiber, plant secondary metabolites, vitamins and micronutrients [1]. A correlation between nut consumption and a reduced incidence of tumor diseases, such as cancers of colon, endometrium or pancreas [2], has been observed. A possible reason for the observed effect against colon cancer could be the high content of dietary fiber in nuts. Different studies already demonstrated that dietary fiber can decrease risk for colon cancer [8,9]. This could be at least partially due to the fermentation of dietary fiber by Nutrients 2017, 9, 1368; doi:10.3390/nu9121368 www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients
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