Abstract
Fipronil (FIP) is an insecticide commonly used in many fields, such as agriculture, veterinary medicine, and public health, and recently it has been proposed as a potential endocrine disrupter. The purpose of this study was to inspect the reproductive impacts of FIP and the possible protective effects of cerium nanoparticles (CeNPs) on male albino rats. Rats received FIP (5 mg/kg bwt; 1/20 LD50), CeNPs (35 mg/kg bwt) and FIP+CeNPs per os daily for 28 days. Serum testosterone levels, testicular oxidative damage, histopathological and immunohistochemical changes were evaluated. FIP provoked testicular oxidative damage as indicated by decreased serum testosterone (≈60%) and superoxide dismutase (≈50%), glutathione peroxidase activity (≈46.67%) and increased malondialdehyde (≈116.67%) and nitric oxide (≈87.5%) levels in testicular tissues. Furthermore, FIP induced edematous changes and degeneration within the seminiferous tubules, hyperplasia, vacuolations, and apoptosis in the epididymides. In addition, FIP exposure upregulated interleukin-1β (IL-1β), nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS), caspase-3 (Casp3) and downregulated the Burkitt-cell lymphomas (BCL-2), inhibin B proteins (IBP), and androgen receptor (Ar) mRNA expressions Casp3, nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1(IBA1), and IL-1β immunoreactions were increased. Also, reduction of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), mouse vasa homologue (MVH), and SOX9 protein reactions were reported. Interestingly, CeNPs diminished the harmful impacts of FIP on testicular tissue by decreasing lipid peroxidation, apoptosis and inflammation and increasing the antioxidant activities. The findings reported herein showed that the CeNPs might serve as a supposedly new and efficient protective agent toward reproductive toxicity caused by the FIP insecticide in white male rats.
Highlights
There is a growing interest in the possible negative effects of pesticides exposure on reproduction and fertility [1]
By using the IBA1 protein-specific antibody we found that IBA1 protein was primarily presented in elongate spermatids cytoplasm [58], neither spermatozoa, spermatogonia, mature epididymal spermatozoa, nor protein-expressed round spermatids [58]
In the current research, mouse vasa vasa homologue homologue (MVH) immunohistochemistry was used to assess the effect of FIP on testicular and we found that it showed negative MVH in spermatogenic cells so that the spermatogenesis process could be stopped
Summary
There is a growing interest in the possible negative effects of pesticides exposure on reproduction and fertility [1]. Fipronil (FIP) is a fairly recent phenylpyrazole insecticide intended for the management of insect resistance problems and global health hazards experienced by older pesticides groups including organophosphate, carbamate, and pyrethroid insecticides [3,4]. It is categorized by world health organization (WHO) as a Class II, relatively toxic, pesticide. It has an acute oral LD50 of 97 mg/kg and dermal LD50 higher than 2000 mg/kg in rats [5]. Some pesticides were recorded to have adverse effects on male reproduction [2], including
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