Abstract
Production of coffee products accumulates a large amount of coffee grounds, posing significant environmental issues and raising the cost of production. This review provided a review on one approach, namely to manufacture activated carbon, to utilize coffee grounds for environmental applications. It was shown that a wide range of preparation methods such as physical, chemical, or biological could be used to synthesize activated carbon from coffee ground materials. In addition, some methods of biochar modification also contribute to increasing the surface area, improving the applicability in wastewater treatment containing organic dyes, heavy metals, antibiotics, or some chemicals. The adsorption equilibrium is usually described by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, together with the adsorption data following a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The adsorption efficiency was determined based on the parameters affecting the adsorption process such as adsorbent dosage, initial concentration, pH, contact time, temperature, and stirring speed.
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