Chemical traffic light: A self-calibrating naked-eye sensor for fluoride

Abstract

We report a low-cost sensing platform for effective naked-eye detection of fluoride ion in aqueous media. The sensor is based on silicon complex of 5,10,15-tritolylcorrole (SiTTCorr) deposited on paper support and designed in a particular way that permits it to perform in a unique sensing event an internal sensor self-calibration and subsequent analysis of fluoride ion in a concentration range from 20 [Formula: see text]g/L to 200 mg/L with a LOD 9 [Formula: see text]g/L, much lower than the WHO guideline value of 1.5 mg/L for fluoride in drinking water. The influence of tetradodecylammonium chloride (TDACl) anion exchanger addition to the performance of SiTTCorr-based sensors was studied and the sensor with optimal ionophore: exchanger [Formula: see text] 2:1 ratio demonstrated the highest sensitivity. The evident color variation of SiTTCorr-based optode from dark pink to intense green occurred upon addition of increasing concentrations of fluoride. A smartphone application equipped with home-written color intensity analysis software as a detector of developed sensor output permitted fluoride content quantification in bottled water and toothpaste samples. Moreover, since at the quantification step the SiTTCorr color variation was significant for the red component of visible light and increase of fluoride content evidently changed this color from red to yellow and then to green, the developed optode was compared to a kind of chemical traffic light, able to detect the presence of fluoride in permitted, borderline or dangerous concentrations, respectively.