Abstract
There are widespread applications of earth elements (REEs) for basic research, industrial, agricultural and medical purposes. These extensive applications inevitably raise deep concerns regarding the mechanisms underlying biological effects of REEs and their possible toxicities. The chemical species to exert the biological effects is certainly the key issue for the study in both the whole animal and the cellular level, which has always been a controversial topic. In the present review, we analyzed the expeimental conditions in the study and proposed a model termed as rare earth ion pool concerning the possible chemical species to exert the biological effects under the physiological conditions. The modes of action between the active entities of REEs and the cell membrane have been discussed. The working mechanisms for the REEs in the complicated biological system are indicated.
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