Abstract
Vertical augmentation is one of the most challenging techniques in bone engineering. Several parameters, such mechano-chemical characteristics, are important to optimize vertical bone regeneration using biomaterials. The aims of this study were to chemically characterize human dentin blocks (calcified demineralized dentin matrix: CDM, partially demineralized dentin matrix: PDDM and completely demineralized dentin matrix: CDDM) (2 × 2 × 1 mm3) chemically and evaluate the behavior of PDDM blocks on non-scratched or scratched skulls without periosteum of adult rats (10–12 months old, female) as a vertical augmentation model. The dissolved efficiency of CDM showed 32.3% after ultrasonic demineralization in 1.0 L of 2% HNO3 for 30 min. The 30 min-demineralized dentin was named PDDM. The SEM images of PDDM showed the opening of dentinal tubes, nano-microcracks and the smooth surface. In the collagenase digestion test, the weight-decreasing rates of CDM, PDDM and CDDM were 9.2%, 25.5% and 78.3% at 12 weeks, respectively. CDM inhibited the collagenase digestion, compared with PDDM and CDDM. In the PDDM onlay graft on an ultrasonically scratched skull, the bone marrow-space opening from original bone was found in the bony bridge formation between the human PDDM block and dense skull of adult senior rats at 4 and 8 weeks. On the other hand, in the cases of the marrow-space closing in both non-scratched skulls and scratched skulls, the bony bridge was not formed. The results indicated that the ultrasonic scratching into the compact parietal bone might contribute greatly to the marrow-space opening from skull and the supply of marrow cells, and then bony bridge formation could occur in the vertical augmentation model without a periosteum.
Highlights
In the present onlay model, we focused on partially demineralized human dentin matrix (PDDM) block demineralized ultrasonically in 1.0 L of 2% HNO3 for 30 min, from a clinical viewpoint of the immediate demineralized dentin matrix (DDM) autograft after tooth extraction, as described previously [19]
From the histological points of view, it was considered that the supply of marrow cells from original bone had a highly important role for bony bridge formation and augmentation on the highly calcified skull. These results demonstrate that ultrasonic scaler tip treatment into the compact parietal bone of 10–12-month-old rats might contribute to the marrow-space opening, and, undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and osteogenic cells in bone marrow could differentiate into osteoblasts near the bottom of the PDDM in this vertical augmentation model
Human tooth-derived dentin blocks were chemically characterized and the changes of the original bone and PDDM block were evaluated on 10–12-month-old rat skulls without periosteum as vertical augmentation models
Summary
Autogenous bone grafts are still considered as gold standard for bone augmentation because of the excellent osteoinductivity and osteoconductivity [1,2], but it has some impediments such as limited availability and donor site morbidity. The dental community is considering using human permanent and milk teeth as a native resource for patients and their family. Calcified tissues such as cortical bone and dentin do not perform better in both osteoinduction and bone formation than spongy bone, decalcified bone matrix (DBM) and demineralized dentin matrix (DDM) [4]. Dentin and bone are mineralized tissues and almost identical in their chemical components. Dentin and bone consist of 18% collagen, 70% apatite, 10% body fluid and 2% non-collagenous proteins (NCPs), including a small amount of growth factors such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), transforming growth factor-β, insulin-like growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor [5,6]
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