Abstract
Wastewater treatment by Wastewater Treatment Plant, named (INGECO) in Doura refinery suffers from the elevated level of sulphate ion concentrations compared to the recommended EPA [14] specified (250 mg/L). The annual rate, maximum and peak sulphate concentrations that found to be 360; 425 and 550 mg/L respectively. In this study samples prepared from industrial wastewater and the average, maximum and peak sulphate concentrations to be used in chemical precipitation process by using BaCl2 or Al(OH)3. Results obtained from BaCl2 treatment refer to the optimum (dosage, mixing time and mixing speed) to be used in sulphate removal for reuse purpose were (1.5 g/L, 1.2 hr and 80 rpm), (2.25 g/L, 1.5 hr and 90 rpm) and (3.0 g/L, 2 hr and 90 rpm) for each of average, maximum and peak concentrations respectively. Whereas for disposal purpose, were (0.36 g/L, 15 min and 100 rpm), (1.1 g/L, 15 min and 70 rpm), (1.72 g/L, 15 min and 90 rpm) respectively. This process was achieving of highly sulphate removal, but expensive. Whereas the results obtained by using Al(OH)3 indicated unsuitability for treated refinery wastewater treatment of low sulphate concentrations and neutral pH.
Highlights
Sulphate ion present in various mineral that are found in soil and rocks sulphate
Removal efficiencies to reach specified SO4 reuse concentration of (10 mg/L) are illustrated in Figure 4, which can be concluded that the (100 %) removal efficiency could be obtained from adding (1.5 g/L) dosage of BaCl2, it can be considered that it was the optimum dosage for reuse purpose
The optimum dosage of BaCl2 to reach (100%) removal efficiency for disposal purpose is (0.36 g/L)
Summary
Sulphate ion present in various mineral that are found in soil and rocks sulphate. It forms salts with a variety of alkali and alkaline earth metals such as barium, calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium. Treatment of water with aluminum sulphate (alum) or copper sulphate introduces sulphate into water supply. Human activities such as the combustion of fossil fuels and sour gas processing release sulfur oxides to the atmosphere, and rise to sulfuric acid in rainwater (acid rain), and the later results in the return of sulphate to surface waters [15,16]. Sulphate is non-toxic ion, except at very high concentrations, it exerts a purgative effect: 1) Precipitation of sulphate can cause damage to equipment through the formation of calcium sulphate scale [10]
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