Abstract

Information on chemical partitioning and associated risk of airborne metals, particularly during a haze–fog episode, is limited. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was collected during a severe haze–fog event in winter and non-haze–fog periods in summer and fall from an urban region of a typical Chinese mega-city, Nanjing. The particulate-bound metals (Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti, V, and Zn) were chemically fractionated in a four-step sequential extraction procedure and human health risk was assessed. During the haze–fog episode, PM2.5 was extremely elevated with a mean concentration of 281μg/m3 (range: 77–431μg/m3), whereas the mean PM2.5 concentrations in summer and fall periods were 86μg/m3 (range: 66–111μg/m3) and 77μg/m3 (range: 42–131μg/m3), respectively. All elements had significantly higher concentrations and many metals exceeded relevant limits on haze–fog days. K, Na, Sr, Zn, Mo, Ca, Cd, Mg, Mn, Cu, Ba, Cr and As all showed relatively high proportions of the soluble and exchangeable fraction and strong bio-accessible potential. High temperature and humidity may increase the bio-accessible fraction of many airborne metals. The hazard index for potential toxic metals was 0.115, which was lower than the safe limit (1). However, the combined carcinogenic risk was 1.32×10−6 for children and 5.29×10−6 for adults, with both values being higher than the precautionary criterion (10−6). Results of this study provide information for the behavior and risk mitigation of airborne metals.

Talk to us

Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have

Schedule a call

Disclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.