Chemical modification of isoflavones in soyfoods during cooking and processing

Abstract

The principal chemical forms of isoflavones in soybean are their 6"-O-malonyl-β-glucoside (6OMalGlc) conjugates. Experiments were carried out to determine the best conditions for extraction of isoflavones from soyfoods and the effects of commercial processing procedures and of cooking on isoflavone concentrations and composition. Hot alcohol extraction of ground soybeans deesterified 6OMalGlc conjugates. Although room temperature extraction slowed the conversion, extraction at 4°C for 2–4 h led to the highest yield of 6OMalGlc conjugates and the lowest proportion of β-glucoside conjugates. Analysis of soyfood products by reversed-phase HPLC–mass spectrometry revealed that defatted soy flour that had not been heat treated consisted mostly of 6OMalGlc conjugates; in contrast, toasted soy flour contained large amounts of 6"-O-acetyl-β-glucoside conjugates, formed by heat-induced decarboxylation of the malonate group to acetate. Soymilk and tofu consisted almost entirely of β-glucoside conjugates; low-fat versions of these products were markedly depleted in isoflavones. Alcohol-washed soy-protein concentrates contained few isoflavones. Isolated soy protein and textured vegetable protein consisted of a mixture of all 3 types of isoflavone conjugates. Baking or frying of textured vegetable protein at 190°C and baking of soy flour in cookies did not alter total isoflavone content, but there was a steady increase in b-glucoside conjugates at the expense of 6OMalGlc conjugates. The chemical form of isoflavones in foods should be taken into consideration when evaluating their availability for absorption from the diet.