Abstract
Restoration works in the old Clunisian Saint-Vivant monastery in Burgundy revealed an unidentified wine bottle (SV1) dating between 1772 and 1860. Chemical evidence for SV1 origin and nature are presented here using non-targeted Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance analyses. The SV1 chemical diversity was compared to red wines (Pinot Noir) from the Romanée Saint Vivant appellation and from six different vintages spanning from 1915 to 2009. The close metabolomic signature between SV1 and Romanée Saint Vivant wines spoke in favor of a filiation between these wines, in particular considering the Pinot noir grape variety. A further statistical comparison with up to 77 Pinot noir wines from Burgundy and vintages from nearly all the 20th century, confirmed that SV1 must have been made more than one hundred years ago. The increasing number of detected high masses and of nitrogen containing compounds with the ageing of the wine was in accordance with known ageing mechanisms. Besides, resveratrol was shown here to be preserved for more than one hundred years in wine. For the first time, the age of an old unknown wine along with its grape variety have been assessed through non-targeted metabolomic analyses.
Highlights
Radiocarbon analysis of organic deposits found at the bottle bottom (Miami Beta Analytic Inc laboratory sample Beta—310588) gave an analytic age of 90 ± 30 years BP and calibrated date ranges (95% probability) from either Cal AD 1680 to 1730 or Cal AD 1810 to 1930
A further indication of the evolution state of the SV1 wine was provided by an unsupervised principal component analysis (PCA) statistical analysis of all mass features from up to 77 Pinot noir red wines from Burgundy, spanning vintages from most the 20th century down to 1915, and including the three SV1 samples (Fig. 3b)
Further clues were provided by the radiocarbon analysis of the deposit, which resveratrol was mostly present in recent wines (2007, 2008, and 2009), it was still detectable in the older wines, and in relatively higher concentrations in the deposit than in the wine, both for the 1915 and the SV1 wines (Fig. 2a)
Summary
If a wealth of analytical data has already been published about the composition of grape and wine,[1,2,3,4,5] recent non targeted analyses have emphasized the extent of the yet unknown bio-chemistry involved throughout the winemaking process.[6,7,8] Such quest for the description and the understanding of the composition of wine is undoubtedly fostered by its various features ranging from organoleptic to health-related properties.[9,10,11] it is driven by a unique universally shared cultural heritage, which has always aroused the curiosity of both scientists and non-scientists for this specific food product, “transformed to be consumed within a culturally constructed set of rules and beliefs, often in situations strongly associated with reinforcing social identity”.12 This excitement is all the more pronounced that the wine in question is aged, precisely because of the messages it may hold from the time—supposedly far away—when it has been made. If a wealth of analytical data has already been published about the composition of grape and wine,[1,2,3,4,5] recent non targeted analyses have emphasized the extent of the yet unknown bio-chemistry involved throughout the winemaking process.[6,7,8] Such quest for the description and the understanding of the composition of wine is undoubtedly fostered by its various features ranging from organoleptic to health-related properties.[9,10,11] it is driven by a unique universally shared cultural heritage, which has always aroused the curiosity of both scientists and non-scientists for this specific food product, “transformed to be consumed within a culturally constructed set of rules and beliefs, often in situations strongly associated with reinforcing social identity”.12. We show that ultrahigh-resolution FT-ICR-MS combined with NMR analyses of the contents of an unlabeled bottle buried in a cellar of the old Clunisian Saint-Vivant monastery can reveal for the first time a likely filiation with Pinot noir wines from the Côte de Nuits appellation
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